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Social Inequality Working Papers
I. Political Participation and Civic Engagement
Partisan Politics and the U.S. Income Distribution
Executive Summary
Larry Bartels, Princeton University
Economic Inequality and Political Representation
Executive Summary
Larry Bartels, Princeton University
An Analytic Perspective on Participatory Inequality and Income Inequality
Henry Brady, University of California, Berkeley
Why Do Rich People Make Political Contributions? Some Surprising Results from a Formal Model
Executive Summary
Henry E. Brady, University of California
What Do Unions Do To Voting Turnout?
Executive Summary
Richard B. Freeman, NBER
Public Opinion and Democratic Responsiveness: Who Gets What They Want From Government?
Executive Summary
Martin Gilens, Princeton University
Do They Know and Do They Care? Americans' Awareness of Rising Inequality
Executive Summary
Leslie McCall, Rutgers University
Political Polarization and Income Inequality
Executive Summary
Nolan McCarty, Princeton University, Keith T. Poole, University of Houston, and Howard Rosenthal, Princeton University
Voice and Inequality: The Contemporary Transformation of American Civic Democracy
Theda Skocpol, Harvard University
Inequality, Trust and Civic Engagement
Executive Summary
Eric M. Uslaner and M. Mitchell Brown, University of Maryland-College Park
II. Education
What Does Increased Economic Inequality Imply about the Future Level and Dispersion of Human Capital?
Executive Summary
Robert Haveman, Gary Sandefur, Barbara Wolfe, and Mary Campbell, University of Wisconsin-Madison
How Did the Increase in Economic Inequality between 1970 and 1990 Affect Children's Educational Attainment?
Executive Summary
Susan E. Mayer, University of Chicago
How Economic Segregation Affects Children's Educational Attainment
Executive Summary
Susan E. Mayer, University of Chicago
a) Early Childhood
Who Gets an Early Education? Family Income and the Enrollment of 3-5 Year Olds From 1968-2000
Executive Summary
Jay Bainbridge, National Center for Children in Poverty, Marcia Meyers, University of Washington, Sakiko Tanaka and Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University
Early Childhood Care and Education: Effects on Ethnic and Racial Gaps in School Readiness
Executive Summary
Katherine Magnuson and Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University
Does Prekindergarten Improve School Preparation and Performance?
Executive Summary
Katherine Magnuson and Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University, Christopher Ruhm, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
The Effects of Expanded Public Funding for Early Education and Child Care on Preschool Enrollment in the 1990s
Executive Summary
Katherine Magnuson and Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University, and Marcia Meyers, University of Washington
Inequality in Pre-School Education and School Readiness
Executive Summary
Katherine Magnuson, Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University, Marcia Meyers, University of Washington, Christopher Ruhm, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
b) High School
High School Dropout, Race-Ethnicity, and Social Background from the 1970s to the 1990s
Executive Summary
Robert M. Hauser, Solon J. Simmons, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Devah I. Pager, Princeton University
Race-Ethnicity, Social Background, and Grade Retention
Executive Summary
Robert M. Hauser, Solon J. Simmons, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Devah I. Pager, Princeton University
Have We Put an End to Social Promotion? Changes in Grade Retention Rates among Children Aged 6 to 17 from 1972 to 2003
Executive Summary
Carl B. Frederick and Robert M. Hauser, University of Wisconsin-Madison
c) Higher Education
Tied Transfers
Executive Summary
Meta Brown, Maurizio Mazzocco, John Karl Scholz and Ananth Seshadri, University of Wisconsin-Madison
III. Families and Children
Child Care Policy Reform and the Employment of Single Mothers
Executive Summary
Jay Bainbridge, National Center for Children in Poverty, Marcia Meyers, University of Washington and Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University
Time, Work, and the Family in the United States
Suzanne M. Bianchi and Marybeth J. Mattingly, University of Maryland, College Park
Are Parents Investing Less in Children: Trends in Mothers' and Fathers' Time with Children
Suzanne Bianchi and John P. Robinson, University of Maryland, College Park, and Liana Sayer, University of Pennsylvania
The Spread of Single-Parent Families in the United States Since 1960
David Ellwood and Christopher Jencks, Harvard University
The Changing Effect of Family Background on the Incomes of American Adults
Executive Summary
David J. Harding and Christopher Jencks, Harvard University, Leonard Lopoo, Syracuse University, and Susan E. Mayer, University of Chicago
Trends in Children's Attainments and Their Determinants as Family Income Inequality Has Increased
Executive Summary
Robert Haveman, Gary Sandefur, Barabara Wolfe and Andrew Voyer, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Family Structure, Intergenerational Mobility, and the Reproduction of Poverty: Evidence for Increasing Polarization?
Robert D. Mare and Kelly Musick, UCLA
Caring for Young Children: Inequality in the Cost Burden of Child Care
Executive Summary
Christopher Ruhm and Dan T. Rosenbaum, UNC-Greensboro
Family and Neighborhood Sources of Socioeconomic Inequality in Children's Achievement
Executive Summary
Narayan Sastry, RAND and Anne R. Pebley, UCLA
Family Ties: Understanding the Intergenerational Transmission of Participation
Executive Summary
Sidney Verba, Harvard University, Kay Lehman Scholzman, Boston College, and Nancy Burns, University of Michigan
Unequal at the Starting Line: Creating Participatory Inequalities across Generations and among Groups
Executive Summary
Sidney Verba, Harvard University, Kay Lehman Scholzman, Boston College, and Nancy Burns, University of Michigan
IV. Health
The Differential Effect of Foreign-Born Status on Low Birth Weight by Race, Ethnicity, and Education
Executive Summary
Dolores Acevedo-Garcia, Mah-J Soobader, and Lisa Berkman, Harvard University
Inequality in Life and Death: What Drives Racial Trends in U.S. Child Death Rates?
Executive Summary
Janet Currie and Joseph Hotz, University of California, Los Angeles
Inequality and Mortality in Rich Countries: Who Owns the Null Hypothesis?
Andrew Clarkwest and Christopher Jencks, Harvard University
The Income-Health Relationship and the Role of Relative Deprivation
Executive Summary
Christine E. Eibner and William N. Evans, University of Maryland
Relative Deprivation, Poor Health Habits, and Mortality
Executive Summary
Christine E. Eibner and William N. Evans, University of Maryland
Inequality and Health: Long Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries
Executive Summary
Andrew Leigh, Australian National University and Christopher Jencks, Harvard University
Inequality and Social Comparisons
Executive Summary
Susan Mayer, University of Chicago
An Assessment of Some Mechanisms Linking Economic Inequality and Infant Mortality
Executive Summary
Susan Mayer and Ankur Sarin, University of Chicago
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Wealth and Health Using the Survey of Consumer Finances
Executive Summary
John Mullahy, Stephanie A. Robert, Audra T. Wenzlow, Barbara L. Wolfe, University of Wisconsin - Madison
Understanding the Racial Disparities in Health: The Income-Wealth Paradox
Executive Summary
John Mullahy, Audra T. Wenzlow, Barbara L. Wolfe, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Is the Association between Socioeconomic Position and Coronary Heart Disease Stronger in Women than in Men?
Executive Summary
Rebecca C. Thurston, Laura D. Kubzansky, Ichiro Kawachi and Lisa F. Berkman, Harvard School of Public Health
V. Marriage
Changing Attitudes Towards Pre-Marital Sex
David J. Harding and Christopher Jencks, Harvard University (Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol 67:211-226)
Growing Evidence for a "Divorce Divide"? Education and Marital Dissolution Rates in the U.S. since the 1970's
Executive Summary
Steven P. Martin, University of Maryland - College Park
Reassessing Delayed and Forgone Marriage in the United States
Executive Summary
Steven Martin, University of Maryland - College Park
The Effects of Marriage, Marital Dissolution, and Educational Upgrading on Educational Assortative Mating
Christine Schwartz and Robert D. Mare, UCLA
Trends in Educational Assortative Marriage From 1940 to 2003
Christine Schwartz and Robert D. Mare, UCLA
Incarceration, Marriage, and Family Life
Executive Summary
Bruce Western, Princeton University
VI. Media
Technological Careers: Adoption, Deepening and Dropping Out in a Panel of Internet Users
Executive Summary
Paul J. DiMaggio and Coral E. Celeste, Princeton University
Information Inequality and Network Externalities: A Comparative Study of the Diffusion of Television and the Internet
Executive Summary
Paul DiMaggio and Joseph Cohen, Princeton University
VII. Methods and Measurement
Assessing the Effect of Economic Inequality
Executive Summary
William N. Evans, University of Maryland, College Park, Michael Hout, University of California, Berkeley, and Susan Mayer, University of Chicago
VIII. Neighborhoods
Neighborhood Choice and Neighborhood Change
Executive Summary
Elizabeth E. Bruch and Robert D. Mare, UCLA
Spatial Inequality, Neighborhood Mobility, and Residential Segregation
Executive Summary
Elizabeth E. Bruch and Robert D. Mare, UCLA
Different Places, Different People: The Redrawing of America's Social Geography
Executive Summary
Claude S. Fischer and Michael Hout, University of California at Berkeley
How the Growth in Income Inequality Increased Economic Segregation
Executive Summary
Susan Mayer, University of Chicago
The Relationship between Income Inequality and Economic Segregation
Executive Summary
Susan Mayer, University of Chicago
Concentrated Poverty vs. Concentrated Affluence: Effects on Neighborhood Social Environments and Children's Outcomes
Anne Pebley, UCLA and Narayan Sastry, RAND
IX. Public Policy
Homer Gets a Tax Cut: Inequality and Public Policy in the American Mind
Executive Summary
Larry M. Bartels, Princeton University
Income Inequality, the Median Voter and the Support for Public Education
Executive Summary
Sean P. Corcoran, California State University, Sacramento, and William N. Evans, University of Maryland and NBER
Exploiting States' Mistakes to Identify the Causal Impact of Higher Education on Growth
Philippe Aghion, Lean Boustan, Caroline Hoxby, Harvard University, and Jerome Vandenbussche, International Monetary Fund
Our Favorite Method of Redistribution: School Spending Equality, Income Equality and Growth
Caroline Hoxby, Harvard University
Robin Hood and His Not-So-Merry Plan
Caroline Hoxby and Ilyana Kuziemko, Harvard University
Does Inequality Matter?
Executive Summary
Christopher Jencks, Harvard University
The Consequences of Income Inequality for Redistributive Policy in the United States
Executive Summary
Gabriel S. Lenz, Princeton University
The Relationship between Economic Inequality and Government Social Spending in the United States
Executive Summary
Susan E. Mayer, University of Chicago
"Fair" Inequality? An International Comparison of Attitudes to Pay Differentials
Executive Summary
Lars Osberg, Dalhousie University and Timothy Smeeding, Syracuse University
Social Values for Equality and Preferences for State Intervention in the USA and Europe
Executive Summary
Lars Osberg, Dalhousie University and Timothy Smeeding, Syracuse University
Immigration and the Median Voter's Incentive to Redistribute Income in the United States
Executive Summary
Howard Rosenthal, Brown University and Christine E. Eibner, RAND
All for All: Equality and Social Trust
Executive Summary
Bo Rothstein, Göteborg University and Eric M. Uslaner, University of Maryland-College Park
Income Distribution and Social Expenditures: A Crossnational Perspective
Jonathan Schwabish, Partnership for New York City, Michael Erikson, Joseph Marchand, Timothy Smeeding, Syracuse University and Lars Osberg, Dalhousie University
Welfare State Expenditures and the Redistribution of Well-being: Children, Elders and Others in Comparative Perspective
Executive Summary
Timothy Smeeding, Syracuse University, Irwin Garfinkel, Columbia University and Lee Rainwater, Harvard University
Economic Inequality and the Quality of Government
Executive Summary
Eric M. Uslaner, University of Maryland-College Park
Trust and Social Bonds: Faith in Others and Policy Outcomes Reconsidered
Executive Summary
Eric M. Uslaner, University of Maryland-College Park
Incarceration and Invisible Inequality
Executive Summary
Bruce Western, Princeton University
Crime, Punishment and American Inequality
Executive Summary
Bruce Western, Meredith Kleykamp and Jake Rosenfeld, Princeton University
The Politics and Economics of the Prison Boom
Executive Summary
Bruce Western, Princeton University
X. Wealth
The Concept and Measurement of Asset Poverty: Levels, Trends, and Composition for the U.S., 1983-2001
Executive Summary
Robert Haveman, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Edward N. Wolff, New York University
Money and Morale: What Growing Inequality is Doing to Americans' Views of Themselves and Others
Michael Hout, University of California, Berkeley
Does Money Buy Happiness in Unhappy Russia?
Executive Summary
Michael Hout and Jane Zavisca, University of California, Berkeley
Inequality in Credit Markets: An Introduction to Political Economy Perspectives
Executive Summary
Howard Rosenthal, New York University and Patrick Bolton, Princeton University
Wealth Inequality and the Wealth of Cohorts
Executive Summary
John Karl Scholz, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Are Americans Saving "Optimally" for Retirement?
Executive Summary
John Karl Scholz, Ananth Seshadri, Surachai Khitatrakun, University of Wisconsin, Madison
XI. Work
The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels
Executive Summary
David Ellwood, Harvard University, Ty Wilde, Princeton University, Lily Batchelder, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, LLP
Work in the Postindustrial Economy of California
Executive Summary
Neil Fligstein and Ofer Sharone, University of California, Berkeley
Shareholder Value and the Transformation of the American Economy, 1984-2001
Executive Summary
Neil Fligstein and Taekjin Shin, University of California at Berkeley
Will Labor Fare Better Under State Labor Relations Law?
Executive Summary
Richard Freeman, NBER
Tightening Up: Intergenerational Class Mobility in Russia, 1988-2000
Executive Summary
Theodore P. Gerber, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Michael Hout, University of California, Berkeley
Working Hours and Inequality, 1968 - 2001: A Family Perspective on Recent Controversies
Executive Summary
Michael Hout and Caroline Hanley, University of California, Berkeley
Would Equal Opportunity Mean More Mobility
Executive Summary
Laura Tach and Christopher Jencks, Harvard University (Forthcoming book, Mobility and Inequality: Frontiers of Research from Sociology and Economics, by Stephen Morgan, David Grusky, and Gary Fields, editors - Stanford University Press)
Did Falling Wages and Employment Increase U.S. Imprisonment?
Executive Summary
Bruce Western, Meredith Kleykamp and Jake Rosenfeld, Princeton University