Gonalons-Pons will conduct the first comprehensive comparative study of the feminization and devaluation of paid and unpaid childcare and eldercare. Drawing on survey data on care work that covers 30 countries and spans four decades, she will examine how women came to perform most care work, leading to severe economic penalties for those who perform such work. Her research includes novel analyses of how care work and its penalties are distributed across society, how these distributions are socially, politically, and culturally produced and reinforced, and how they contribute to gender inequality and to inequality among women.