A compact but complete handbook of zoning covering the story of the spread of this movement, the reasons for zoning, the experiences of various zoned cities, the correct principles and best practice, the legal pitfalls and a selected list of reference.
EDWARD M. BASSETT was chairman of the Zoning Committee of New York.
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In their seminal 1997 book Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work, Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein laid bare the strategies and challenges of low-income single mothers who were struggling to provide for their families. Even in an era when cash welfare was a federal entitlement, these women struggled to get by. In the thirty years since the book’s publication, many single parents wrestle with income volatility, precarious work schedules, and formal and informal economic support. In this double issue of RSF, economist Elizabeth O. Ananat, political scientist and public policy scholar Carolyn Y. Barnes, sociologists Sandra K. Danziger and Kathryn Edin, and an interdisciplinary group of contributors examine how the policy landscape has changed since welfare reform and how it impacts low-income single mothers’ ability to make ends meet today.
Issue 1 has eight articles that examine how the traditional safety net has evolved and new supports that have been developed since Making Ends Meet. Sarah K. Bruch and colleagues assess changes to the social safety net since the 1990s and find that benefits have become more exclusive, have more constraints, and are less generous. Kelley Fong and Nora McCarthy reveal that, in an attempt to decrease child maltreatment, the child welfare system increasingly provides material resources to system-involved parents, including in-kind donations and assistance accessing childcare. However, parents often avoid obtaining resources through the system because it opens them up to increased state surveillance. Heather D. Hill and colleagues show that access to paid family and medical leave (PFML) varies greatly for single mothers, with two-thirds of single mothers living in states without PMFL.
Issue 2 looks at lessons that can be learned from COVID-era policies, how single mothers currently try to make ends meet, and men’s contributions to families. Natasha V. Pilkauskas and Kevin Bruey find that low-income single mothers, with and without employment, utilize a variety of public and private resources to make ends meet. Despite this, both groups face high levels of material hardship, including food and housing insecurity. Allison Dwyer Emory and colleagues show that nonresident fathers often have trouble making ends meet them-selves and are unable to make up for the loss of cash support post-welfare reform.
This double issue of RSF showcases the persistence of precarity that low-income families face since Making Ends Meet.
Established by the Housing Act of 1949, the urban renewal program authorized the use of eminent domain to acquire and clear areas deemed “blighted.” Between 1949 and 1973, the federal government approved over 2,500 urban renewal projects in almost 1,200 cities in all 50 states. Estimates vary, but by 1971, approximately 500,000 households with 1.4 million individuals were displaced by the program, with African American neighborhoods disproportionately affected. Little is known about the long-run impacts of these interventions on those affected.
Since the mid-1990s, work requirements have become central to major public assistance programs in the U.S. Despite the long history of these policies, there is little evidence to inform debates about the consequences of conditioning public benefits on work.
New research suggests that unmeasured forms of domestic labor may play a significant role in the gender wage gap. Economists Laura Gee, Olga Stoddard and Kristy Buzard will quantify invisible household labor, defined as the cognitive, emotional, and managerial tasks that are essential to household functioning, and investigate its causes, consequences, and inequalities. Their preliminary findings based on a pilot survey suggest that these responsibilities disproportionately fall on women, particularly mothers.
The primary goal of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is to improve the health outcomes of low-income individuals and families by allowing them to afford nutritious food. Policymakers have called for lowering shopping burdens through expanding digital access via online redemption of WIC benefits and grocery delivery, and the program is currently working to implement online ordering using WIC benefits.
The American Dream is built on the idea that hard work and determination can enable anyone to succeed. These ideals underpin government policies that strive to equalize opportunity, such as affirmative action or equal employment opportunity laws. Yet there has been little experimental research into whether, and under what conditions, Americans prefer to equalize opportunities; instead, much of it examines preferences for redistributing economic outcomes.
Rigorous evidence on generative artificial intelligence’s (AI) labor market effects remains limited, partly due to substantial constraints in measuring actual firm adoption. Economists Germán Reyes and Joaquín Serrano will use novel proprietary data from Ramp that directly captures AI expenditures across more than 25,000 businesses to answer four research questions: 1) How rapidly is generative AI spreading across industries and labor markets? 2) What are the causal effects of AI adoption on local labor market outcomes such as employment, wages, hiring, and separations?
Workers who anticipate bias may avoid challenging jobs where they are likely to face discriminatory penalties for mistakes. Economists Michelle Jiang and Alexandra Opanasets ask: 1) Do workers from underrepresented groups take disproportionate actions to avoid failure on the job, such as not taking on better-paying jobs with a higher risk of failure? 2) If so, is this because they anticipate discriminatory penalties for failure on the job, either for themselves or for others in their demographic group?
The magnitude of month-to-month earnings volatility has proven difficult to measure systematically for a large and representative sample of workers. Economist Peter Ganong will combine paycheck, scheduling, and job title data to identify firm-level and managerial sources of pay volatility. He will also interview firm managers and analyze how changes in management or scheduling affect volatility. Ganong draws on two data sources. The first is from an anonymous payroll processing company, which issues paychecks to between two and four million employees each month at small firms.
