This 1909 paper traces data on Chicago’s South Park Playgrounds to argue that the presence of parks and playgrounds in a neighborhood correlates to a decrease in the number of cases of juvenile delinquency.
ALLEN BURNS, Department of Child Hygiene, Russell Sage Foundation
Delivered before the Department of Superintendence of the National Education Association in Mobile, Alabama, on February 25, 1911, this address details the rapid fundamental changes in school hygiene and children’s health in schools over the start of the twentieth century, including medical exams, dental inspections, and the rise of school nurses.
LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.
In 2014, 44 percent of children in the U.S. lived in low-income households with 15.4 million living below the official poverty level. Research shows that early socioeconomic (SES) disadvantage is negatively associated with children’s cognitive development and academic achievement. By the time children reach kindergarten, there are significant SES gaps in their achievement and academic outcomes. These gaps do not diminish as children progress through school, with some evidence suggesting that the gaps widen later in childhood.
Many large corporations have invested in efforts to reduce bias and promote equality in their organizations.
Recent national survey data show relatively high levels of confidence in the police among the public. Not only has this level of confidence not changed much over the last 30 years, it even appears to have slightly increased. Yet, recent evidence of and national attention to racial bias in policing seems to challenge the notion of increasing public trust and confidence. How do we explain this inconsistency?
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the racial composition of individual schools and school districts influences where parents, especially whites, choose to enroll their children. For example, as the proportion of nonwhite students in a district increases, the likelihood that parents will enroll their children in charter or private schools, or move to a different school district, increases as well. At the same time, some parents value racial diversity in schools and cite it as a factor that attracts them to urban public schools.
Membership in multiple racial groups presents a choice in identification. For example, a biracial Asian/white individual may choose to identify as Asian, white, or both Asian and white. Because they fall in between standard mono-racial group categories, biracial Americans are typically not seen as whites. Therefore, having a biracial identity may lead to identity denial—the failure of others to recognize an important social identity (in this case, the “white” identity).
Exit polls indicate that Asian Americans and Latinos are increasingly likely to vote for Democratic candidates. One possibility is that anti-immigration positions and rhetoric among Republican candidates have driven the shift. However, the individual-level mechanisms underpinning this shift among these immigrant groups remain unclear. Political scientists Daniel Hopkins and Efrén Pérez and psychologist Cheryl Kaiser will assess the implications of elite rhetoric on immigration and related issues on the political attitudes and behaviors of Asian Americans and Latinos.
In 2014, first-generation immigrants with their U.S.-born children made up nearly 25 percent of the population. Growth in immigration over the past 50 years, mainly from Latin America, Asia, and the Caribbean, has altered the racial and ethnic composition of the nation. Another notable change is the geographic spread of immigrants away from traditional receiving states to new gateways, especially in the southern and mid-western regions. The result has been greater racial and ethnic diversity in many urban and rural neighborhoods across the country.
