This widely acclaimed study of political power in a metropolitan community portrays the political system in its entirety and in balance—and retains much of the drama, the excitement, and the special style of New York City. It discusses the stakes and rules of the city's politics, and the individuals, groups, and official agencies influencing government action.

WALLACE S. SAYRE is Eaton Professor of Public Administration at Columbia University.

HERBERT KAUFMAN is associate professor of political science at Yale University.

"In the 'war of the models' between variants of capitalism, the Dutch economy has had good and bad publicity. There is the 'Dutch disease' that prices manufacturing out of some markets and criticisms of Dutch collective bargaining as being insufficiently centralized or decentralized. There is also much ballyhoo about the virtues of the Polder model and Dutch economic planning. By examining how the Dutch have dealt with less skilled and low-wage work, Low-Wage Work in the Netherlands illuminates how the Dutch system operates to deal with a problem that affects all economies. The depth of discussion of specific industries and workers offers more insight into how the Dutch do it than the broad generalizations that abound in analyses of the varying capitalist models."
-RICHARD B. FREEMAN, Herbert Ascherman Chair in Economics, Harvard University and Senior Research Fellow in Labour Markets, London School of Economics

"A lot has been written about the so-called Polder model, the Dutch model of consensus building, to which many of its economic successes of the 1990s have been attributed. However, little attention has been paid to the downside of this success: the strong growth of low-wage employment. This volume fills the gap by giving extensive consideration to the bottom segment of the labor market. It is unique in discussing and analyzing low-wage work at the national level as well as at the industry and the company level. It convincingly demonstrates how strong job growth may have the price of erosion of income security and job quality at the lower end of the labor market. Reading Low-Wage Work in the Netherlands is indispensable for everyone who wants to know how the Dutch Polder model really works."
-PAUL DE BEER, Henri Polak Professor of Industrial Relations, University of Amsterdam

"Any student of the low-wage labor market must at some point answer several questions. How much can institutional differences affect the strategies that firms adopt? How, in turn, can these strategies affect outcomes for low-wage workers? Is it possible to create a high road environment for low-skill employment? This fascinating study provides an in-depth analysis that helps answer such questions in industries familiar to all labor market researchers-retail, hotels, health care, call centers, and food-in the context of the 'Dutch model.' The authors weave rich case study information together with statistical data to provide a vivid tapestry of work conditions under the 'Dutch model.' Both their findings and their careful analytic approach make Low-Wage Work in the Netherlands a must read for serious labor market researchers."
-JULIA I. LANE, senior vice president, National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago

The Dutch economy has often been heralded for accomplishing solid employment growth within a generous welfare system. In recent years, the Netherlands has seen a rise in low-wage work and has maintained one of the lowest unemployment rates in the European Union. Low-Wage Work in the Netherlands narrows in on the causes and consequences of this new development. The authors find that the increase in low-wage work can be partly attributed to a steep rise in the number of part-time jobs and non-standard work contracts—46 percent of Dutch workers hold part-time jobs. The decline in full-time work has challenged historically powerful Dutch unions and has led to a slow but steady dismantling of many social insurance programs from 1979 onward. At the same time, there are hopeful lessons to be gleaned from the Dutch model: low-wage workers benefit from a well-developed system of income transfers, and many move on to higher paying jobs. Low-Wage Work in the Netherlands paints a nuanced picture of the Dutch economy by analyzing institutions that both support and challenge its low-wage workforce.

WIEMER SALVERDA is director of the Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies.

MAARTEN VAN KLAVEREN is researcher and consultant at STZ Consultancy and Research.

MARC VAN DER MEER is director of studies at the Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies.

CONTRIBUTORS: Ria Hermanussen, Robert Solow, Wim Sprenger, Kea Tijdens, Arjen Van Halem. 

A Volume in the RSF Case Studies of Job Quality in Advanced Economies

"This book represents a step in the right direction by making important distinctions among types of social capital. Moreover, it addresses how social capital can be generated and used to combat poverty and promote social justice. By providing direction for policy and community practice, research, and teaching, this volume will be a useful addition to many courses and bookshelves."
-Journal of Community Practice

"A landmark accomplishment on three fronts: the evolution of social capital scholarship, our understanding of the causes and consequences of 'true disadvantage,' and our knowledge of effective approaches to working with poor communities. Deftly integrating the practical applications of theory and the theoretical implications of hard-won lessons from the field, this volume showcases the work of America's finest thinkers and doers in the rapidly expanding social capital universe. In conjunction with related work on poverty in low income countries, these U.S. cases powerfully demonstrate that a focus on building up the social, economic, and political assets-rather than harping on the 'deficits'-of poor communities can rest on rigorous conceptual and empirical foundations, and provide a coherent framework for informed policy and project recommendations. Too many books are labeled 'required reading,' but whether you're a new or seasoned reader of the social capital literature, this volume belongs at the top of the list."
-Michael Woolcock, World Bank and Harvard University

"Social Capital and Poor Communities shows why community building is critical to improving the lives of families in low-income communities, and offers fresh ideas for mobilizing social resources to improve housing, education, health, public safety, and economic development. This important book tackles tough questions about how community organizations can act effectively together, the importance of leadership development and institution-building, and the challenges of working in policy and political arenas. Bringing the latest in social science research together with the results of practical efforts to combat poverty, this volume is must reading for policymakers, practitioners, and all those concerned about justice and equity in America."
-Angela Glover Blackwell, PolicyLink

Neighborhood support groups have always played a key role in helping the poor survive, but combating poverty requires more than simply meeting the needs of day-to-day subsistence. Social Capital and Poor Communities shows the significant achievements that can be made through collective strategies, which empower the poor to become active partners in revitalizing their neighborhoods. Trust and cooperation among residents and local organizations such as churches, small businesses, and unions form the basis of social capital, which provides access to resources that would otherwise be out of reach to poor families.

Social Capital and Poor Communities examines civic initiatives that have built affordable housing, fostered small businesses, promoted neighborhood safety, and increased political participation. At the core of each initiative lie local institutions—church congregations, parent-teacher groups, tenant associations, and community improvement alliances. The contributors explore how such groups build networks of leaders and followers and how the social power they cultivate can be successfully transferred from smaller goals to broader political advocacy. For example, community-based groups often become platforms for leaders hoping to run for local office. Church-based groups and interfaith organizations can lobby for affordable housing, job training programs, and school improvement.

Social Capital and Poor Communities convincingly demonstrates why building social capital is so important in enabling the poor to seek greater access to financial resources and public services. As the contributors make clear, this task is neither automatic nor easy. The book's frank discussions of both successes and failures illustrate the pitfalls—conflicts of interest, resistance from power elites, and racial exclusion—that can threaten even the most promising initiatives. The impressive evidence in this volume offers valuable insights into how goal formation, leadership, and cooperation can be effectively cultivated, resulting in a remarkable force for change and a rich public life even for those communities mired in seemingly hopeless poverty.

SUSAN SAEGERT is professor of environmental psychology at the Graduate Center, City University of New York.

J. PHILLIP THOMPSON is Associate Professor in American politics, Columbia University.

MARK R. WARREN is associate professor in the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University.

CONTRIBUTORS:  Mark Chaves,  Cathy J. Cohen,  Cynthia M. Duncan,  Michael Foley,  Ross Gittell,  Sherman A. James,  Langley C. Keyes,  Margaret Levi,  M. Lisette Lopez,  John D. McCarthy, Lorraine C. Minnite,  Pedro A. Noguera,  Melvin L. Oliver,  Robert Putnam,  Robert J. Sampson,  Amy Schulz,  Robert Y. Shapiro,  Carol B. Stack,  Juliana van Olphen.

A Volume in the Ford Foundation Series on Asset Building

"Financing Low-Income Communities fills a significant gap in the literature on community development. While much has been written about organizational and political issues, relatively few works explain how to finance activities at the neighborhood level. By definition, low-income communities lack assets. This book is a guide for practitioners and a contribution to scholarship concerning best practices in raising the funds necessary to bring projects to fruition."
-Susan S. Fainstein, Harvard University Graduate School of Design

"Financing Low-Income Communities is a most timely examination of the most critical financial services issues of our day by leading scholars and activists. In exploring the behavior of individuals and their families, the practices of financial institutions, and the policies of regulatory and legislative bodies it maps out directions for steering investment to traditionally underserved communities."
-Gregory D. Squires, George Washington University

"Financing Low-Income Communities is necessary reading for public and private sector leaders addressing the challenges of bringing financial services and capital to poor communities. Leading experts provide critical insights into ways institutions can best serve low income communities, key metrics for evaluating community development programs and policy reforms to overcome the financial exclusion of marginalized neighborhoods."
-Susan M. Wachter, University of Pennsylvania

Access to capital and financial services is crucial for healthy communities.  However, many impoverished individuals and neighborhoods are routinely ignored by mainstream financial institutions.  This neglect led to the creation of community development financial institutions (CDFIs), which provide low-income communities with financial services and act as a conduit to conventional financial organizations and capital markets. Edited by Julia Sass Rubin, Financing Low-Income Communities brings together leading experts in the field to assess what we know about the challenges of bringing financial services and capital to poor communities, map out future lines of research, and propose policy reforms to make these efforts more effective.

The contributors to Financing Low-Income Communities distill research on key topics related to community development finance. Daniel Schneider and Peter Tufano examine the obstacles that make saving and asset accumulation difficult for low-income households—such as the fact that tens of millions of low-income and minority adults don’t have a bank account—and consider solutions, like making it easier for low-wage workers to enroll in 401(K) plans. Jeanne Hogarth, Jane Kolodinksy, and Marianne Hilgert review evidence showing that community-based financial education programs can be effective in changing families’ saving and budgeting patterns.  Lisa Servon proposes strategies for addressing the challenges facing the microenterprise field in the United States.  Julia Sass Rubin discusses ways community loan and venture capital funds have adapted in response to the decreased availability of funding, and considers potential sources of new capital, such as state governments and public pension funds.  Marva Williams explores the evolution and recent performance of community development banks and credit unions.  Kathleen Engel and Patricia McCoy document the proliferation of predatory lenders, who market loans at onerous interest rates to financially vulnerable families and the devastating effects of such lending on communities—from increased crime to falling home values and lower tax revenues. Rachel Bratt reviews the policies and programs used to make rental and owned housing financially accessible.  Rob Hollister proposes a framework for evaluating the contributions of community development financial institutions.

Despite the many accomplishments of CDFIs over the last four decades, changing political and economic conditions make it imperative that they adapt in order to survive.  Financing Low-Income Communities charts out new directions for public and private organizations which aim to end the financial exclusion of marginalized neighborhoods.

JULIA SASS RUBIN is assistant professor at the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University.

CONTRIBUTORS: Julia Sass Rubin, Rachel G. Bratt, Kathleen C. Engel, Marianne A. Hilgert, Jeanne M. Hogarth, Robinson Hollister, Jane Kolodinsky, Patricia A. McCoy, Daniel Schneider, Lisa Servon, Peter Tufano, and Marva E. Williams.

Shows what happens when a specific social policy is tried out on an experimental basis prior to being enacted into law. By providing a trial of a variety of negative income tax plans carried out over a three-year period in four communities, the New Jersey-Pennsylvania Income Maintenance Experiment was designed to observe whether income maintenance would lead to reduced work effort on the part of those who received subsidies. This book evaluates the final project reports on the experiment issued by Mathematica, Inc. and the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin.

PETER H. ROSSI is professor of sociology and director of the Social and Demographic Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

KATHARINE C. LYALL is assistant professor of political economy and senior research associate at the Center for Metropolitan Planning and Research, Johns Hopkins University.

A publication in the Continuities in Evaluation Research series.

Social Diagnosis is the classic in social work literature. In it Miss Richmond first established a technique of social casework. She discusses the nature and uses of social evidence, its tests and their practical application, and summarizes the lessons to be learned from history, science, and the law. While other aids in diagnosis have been added to the caseworker's equipment, the assembling of social evidence is still an important discipline of the profession, to which this volume continues to make a significant contribution. No revision of the book has ever been made nor does any later book take its place.

MARY RICHMOND was the director of the Charity Organization Department at the Russell Sage Foundation.

"Do Prisons Make Us Safer? is an important volume. Steven Raphael and Michael A. Stoll have brought together some of the best researchers in the country to address a crucial question: Does the marginal crime reduction benefit of increased incarceration outweigh its social and economic costs to society? The compelling findings are extremely thought provoking and the policy implications are profound. I very strongly recommend this timely publication."
-William Julius Wilson, Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor. Harvard University

"This ambitious book tackles one of the most far-reaching phenomena of the modern American era, the relentless growth of our nation's prison population. Each chapter is a gem, shedding new light on the complex interactions between our prisons and our society. In the future, no serious assessment of our incarceration policies will be complete without reference to this ground-breaking scholarship."
-Jeremy Travis, president, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York

The number of people incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails more than quadrupled between 1975 and 2005, reaching the unprecedented level of over two million inmates today. Annual corrections spending now exceeds 64 billion dollars, and many of the social and economic burdens resulting from mass incarceration fall disproportionately on minority communities. Yet crime rates across the country have also dropped considerably during this time period. In Do Prisons Make Us Safer? leading experts systematically examine the complex repercussions of the massive surge in our nation’s prison system.

Do Prisons Make Us Safer? asks whether it makes sense to maintain such a large and costly prison system. The contributors expand the scope of previous analyses to include a number of underexplored dimensions, such as the fiscal impact on states, effects on children, and employment prospects for former inmates. Steven Raphael and Michael Stoll assess the reasons behind the explosion in incarceration rates and find that criminal behavior itself accounts for only a small fraction of the prison boom. Eighty-five percent of the trend can be attributed to “get tough on crime” policies that have increased both the likelihood of a prison sentence and the length of time served. Shawn Bushway shows that while prison time effectively deters and incapacitates criminals in the short term, long-term benefits such as overall crime reduction or individual rehabilitation are less clear cut. Amy Lerman conducts a novel investigation into the effects of imprisonment on criminal psychology and uncovers striking evidence that placement in a high security penitentiary leads to increased rates of violence and anger—particularly in the case of first time or minor offenders. Rucker Johnson documents the spill-over effects of parental incarceration—children who have had a parent serve prison time exhibit more behavioral problems than their peers. Policies to enhance the well-being of these children are essential to breaking a devastating cycle of poverty, unemployment, and crime. John Donohue’s economic calculations suggest that alternative social welfare policies such as education and employment programs for at-risk youth may lower crime just as effectively as prisons, but at a much lower human cost. The cost of hiring a new teacher is roughly equal to the cost of incarcerating an additional inmate.

The United States currently imprisons a greater proportion of its citizens than any other nation in the world. Until now, however, we’ve lacked systematic and comprehensive data on how this prison boom has affected families, communities, and our nation as a whole. Do Prisons Make Us Safer? provides a highly nuanced and deeply engaging account of one of the most dramatic policy developments in recent U.S. history.

STEVEN RAPHAEL is professor of public policy at the University of California, Berkeley.

MICHAEL A. STOLL is professor and chair of public policy in the School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles.

CONTRIBUTORS: Shawn D. Bushway, John J. Donohue III, John W. Ellwood, Joshua Guetzkow, Harry J. Holzer, Rucker C. Johnson, Amy E. Lerman, Raymond Paternoster, Steven Raphael, Michael A. Stoll, David F. Weiman, and Christopher Weiss

"For twenty years, Lee Rainwater and Timothy Smeeding have developed and enhanced the Luxembourg Income Study to provide comparable data on living standards in industrialized economies. In Poor Kids in a Rich Country, they document that the relative rate of child poverty depends more on how a government regulates the labor market and provides social benefits to those who fare badly in the market than on that country's overall standard of living. They show, that even though average real income in the United States is well-above that of most countries, low-income American children have fewer material resources than their counterparts in ten of fourteen comparison countries. Poor Kids in a Rich Country is the best source for detailed information on variations in living standards across industrialized countries; it should be read by anyone interested in understanding how income poverty is measured and how differences can be interpreted."
-SHELDON DANZIGER, Henry J. Meyer Collegiate Professor of Public Policy, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan

"Poor Kids in a Rich Country easily reaffirms Lee Rainwater's and Timothy Smeeding's reputation as the leading international poverty researchers. With unrelenting scientific rigor, they tackle a great paradox of our times, namely that the world's richest nation produces more child poverty than any other advanced country. The mass of evidence they assemble points to one set of overwhelming and, alas, bleak conclusions. The United States performs badly indeed, with one-fifth of its children living in poverty, and the situation is actually worsening. Equally worrisome is the finding that American children are less likely to escape from poverty. Upon reading this book one begins to wonder whether a country with so many underprivileged children can sustain its economic leadership much further into the future."
-GØSTA ESPING-ANDERSEN, professor of sociology and university dean, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

"Lee Rainwater and Timothy Smeeding have given us a wonderful gift. Poor Kids in a Rich Country is smart, readable, and attentive to the important questions. Researchers and students of child poverty will long be in their debt."
-SARA MCLANAHAN, professor of sociology and public affairs and director of the Bendheim-Thoman Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton University

In Poor Kids in a Rich Country, Lee Rainwater and Timothy Smeeding ask what it means to be poor in a prosperous nation - especially for any country's most vulnerable citizens, its children. In comparing the situation of American children in low-income families with their counterparts in fourteen other countries—including Western Europe, Australia, and Canada—they provide a powerful perspective on the dynamics of child poverty in the United States.

Based on the rich data available from the transnational Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), Poor Kids in a Rich Country puts child poverty in the United States in an international context. Rainwater and Smeeding find that while the child poverty rate in most countries has been relatively stable over the past 30 years, child poverty has increased markedly in the United States and Britain—two of the world's wealthiest countries. The book delves into the underlying reasons for this difference, examining the mix of earnings and government transfers, such as child allowances, sickness and maternity benefits, unemployment insurance, and other social assistance programs that go into the income packages available to both single- and dual-parent families in each country. Rainwater and Smeeding call for policies to make it easier for working parents to earn a decent living while raising their children—policies such as parental leave, childcare support, increased income supports for working poor families, and a more socially oriented education policy. They make a convincing argument that our definition of poverty should not be based solely on the official poverty line—that is, the minimum income needed to provide a certain level of consumption—but on the social and economic resources necessary for full participation in society.

Combining a wealth of empirical data on international poverty levels with a thoughtful new analysis of how best to use that data, Poor Kids in a Rich Country will provide an essential tool for researchers and policymakers who make decisions about child and family policy.

LEE RAINWATER is professor emeritus of sociology at Harvard University and research director of the Luxembourg Income Study.

TIMOTHY M. SMEEDING is Maxwell Professor of Public Policy, professor of economics and public administration, and director of the Center for Policy Research at Syracuse University. He is also the director of the Luxembourg Income Study.

An Institute for Research on Poverty Affiliated Book on Poverty and Public Policy

This book offers a systematic study of those individuals who derive their livelihood and professional satisfactions from foundation employment above a clerical level. Replies to questionnaires addressed to foundations and to foundation staff, supplemented by other research, enabled the authors to secure a wealth of data, not previously available, concerning such staff personnel. The data relates to their origin, education or training, professional or occupational background, personal qualities, recruitment for foundation service, job specialization in foundations and in-service and on-the-job training, salary levels, retirement, fringe benefits and perquisites of various kinds. These data are systematically analyzed according to the employing foundation's asset size, program, founding auspices, staff size, geographical location, and other variables. The comprehensiveness of the data also makes possible a census of full-time and part-time staff employed by all foundations and better reveals the rather distorted pattern of the distribution of that staff among the employing foundations.

A feature of the study is a chapter that tabulates and analyzes the comments on foundation employment of some 420 foundation executives—on their satisfactions, dissatisfactions, and frustrations and on how foundation employment might be made more attractive. The pros and cons of the related issue of increased professionalization of foundation service is considered in the light of these comments and from the standpoint, also, of the current philanthropic policies of different kinds of foundations. The probable long-term effect on foundation service of certain provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1969 is also examined.

ARNOLD J. ZURCHER was formerly Executive Director of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and is Professor of Politics at New York University.

JANE DUSTAN is Associate for Program Development of the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children.

"Americans have for more than a century had an ambivalent view of philanthropic foundations-on the one hand they are the source of largesse for the improvement of the well- being of mankind; on the other hand they represent the tax-advantaged private creation of public policy. Throughout the twentieth century there were periodic public challenges to the legitimacy of foundations, and at the beginning of a new century we are once again witnessing Congressional suspicion and possibly hostility. The value of this volume is that it puts these American controversies into both historical and theoretical perspective-while at the same time describing the ways in which Europeans are both imitating the American foundation form and beginning to experience some of our ambivalence. These are nicely crafted essays that raise the question of foundation legitimacy to a higher level, enabling readers to evaluate the public role of private philanthropy. The Legitimacy of Philanthropic Foundations is a necessary book for anyone interested in foundations and public policy."
-STANLEY N. KATZ, director, Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University

"Private foundations are powerful and sometimes efficacious, but their power is always precarious, dependent upon the tolerance of the nation-states by which they are chartered and within whose territories they operate. The authors represented in this trailblazing volume, who include many of the leading authorities on philanthropy from two continents, explore the paradoxical dependence of private philanthropy on public legitimacy with skill and wisdom. Their essays demonstrate that the diversity of the foundation world-both within the United States and internationally-is reflected in the diversity of external stakeholders they must please and the diversity of issues they confront."
-PAUL DIMAGGIO, professor of sociology, Princeton University

"In an era in which foundations have acquired much greater scale and power than ever before, The Legitimacy of Philanthropic Foundations asks the question that is on everyone's mind-how to square foundation independence with the accountability expected in a democracy. No one will agree with all the answers given, but everyone who considers foundations and nonprofits essential to a vibrant democracy will find this book 'must' reading."
-JOEL L. FLEISHMAN, professor of law and public policy, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University

Though privately controlled, foundations perform essential roles that serve society at large. They spearhead some of the world’s largest and most innovative initiatives in science, health, education, and the arts, fulfilling important needs that could not be addressed adequately in the marketplace or the public sector. Still, many people have little understanding of what foundations do and how they continue to earn public endorsement. The Legitimacy of Philanthropic Foundations provides a thorough examination of why foundations exist and the varied purposes they serve in contemporary democratic societies.

The Legitimacy of Philanthropic Foundations looks at foundations in the United States and Europe to examine their relationship to the state, the market, and civil society. Peter Frumkin argues that unlike elected officials, who must often shy away from topics that could spark political opposition, and corporate officers, who must meet bottom-line priorities, foundations can independently tackle sensitive issues of public importance. Kenneth Prewitt argues that foundations embody elements of classical liberalism, such as individual autonomy and limited government interference in private matters and achieve legitimacy by putting private wealth to work for the public good. Others argue that foundations achieve legitimacy by redistributing wealth from the pockets of rich philanthropists to the poor. But Julian Wolpert finds that foundations do not redistribute money directly to the poor as much as many people believe. Instead, many foundations focus their efforts on education, health, and scientific research, making investments that benefit society in the long-term, and focusing on farsighted issues that a myopic electorate would not have patience to permit its government to address.

Originating from private fortunes but working for the public good, independently managed but subject to legal prescriptions, philanthropic foundations occupy a unique space somewhere between the public and private sectors. The Legitimacy of Philanthropic Foundations places foundations in a broad social and historical context, improving our understanding of one of society’s most influential—and least understood—organizational forms.

KENNETH PREWITT is Carnegie Professor of Public Affairs in the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University.

MATTEI DOGAN is senior fellow at the National Center for Scientific Research in Paris, and chair of the research committee on Comparative Sociology of the International Sociological Association.

STEVEN HEYDEMANN is director of the Center for Democracy and the Third Sector and political scientist in the Department of Government at Georgetown University.

STEFAN TOEPLER is assistant professor of nonprofit studies in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University.

CONTRIBUTORS: Helmut K. Anheier, Siobhan Daly, Peter Frumkin, Giuliana Gemelli, Kirsten A. Gronberg, Divid C. Hammack, Diana Leat, Rupert Graf Strachwitz, Steen Thomsen, Julian Wolpert.