During 1914 and the earlier months of 1915, the Division of Education of the Russell Sage Foundation conducted a study of spelling among school children with the object of developing a scale for measuring attainment in the spelling of common words. This pamphlet describes the investigation and the scale it produced.

LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.

This paper, published in 1912, analyzes the argument that the effectiveness of a school and its teachers must be measured in terms of the results secured by the school. It looks at how applied science may avail to better educational practices, similar to industrial activity.

LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.

Laggards in Our Schools presents the findings of a 1907 study on disabled children and the effects of education on their early years. The study analyzed the specifics of the children’s’ conditions and what factors caused them to drop behind in school, as well as to what extent attendance, homework, and other methods affected progress.

LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.

Published in 1920, this report presents an index for measuring the effectiveness of state school systems by the amount of education received by the children and the expenditures made to purchase this education. The purpose of the index is to make it possible for state school systems to measure their progress from year to year and to compare their attainments with those of their neighbors.

LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.

Published in 1913, The Effect of Promotion Rates on School Efficiency presents findings that illustrate the great importance of small differences in promotion rates in education, particularly the degree to which children are trained in habits of success and failure.

LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.

This pamphlet explores constant occupations, occupations which offer opportunities for employment to a number of workers in a variety of areas, rather than site-specific, less constant, or variable occupations, and their implications on vocational education.

LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.

This article offers an evaluation of the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale for Intelligence, a 1908 series of tests developed by French psychologists for the diagnosis of the level of intelligence of children. The scale had widespread application at the time, with minor variations to adapt to the needs of American children. By assessing each test and determining a number of flaws, such as overemphasis on “puzzle tests,” the author argues that, beyond small adjustments, an entirely new measuring scale is needed to test intellectual performance.

LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.

Three papers were read at a meeting of the American Public Health Association in 1916. They report on the lack of statistical evidence and analysis in health investigations, and why the statistical method is such a necessary element in public health research.

DONALD ARMSTRONG was executive officer of the Community Health and Tuberculosis Demonstration and assistant secretary of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis.

FRANZ SCHNEIDER, JR. was sanitarian at the Department of Surveys and Exhibits of the Russell Sage Foundation.

LOUIS I. DUBLIN was statistician at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.

This report gives an account of a detailed study of a group of wage-earning mothers and a statement of the conclusions of the study. The group of women in question lived on the Middle West Side of New York.

KATHARINE ANTHONY was the author of Mothers Who Must Earn, Feminism in Germany and Scandinavia, and Labor Laws of New York.