A 1911 survey of state legislation requiring medical inspections for schools and institutions.

LEONARD P. AYRES was director of the Division of Education at the Russell Sage Foundation.

Discusses the intellectual processes involved in social planning. Professor Kahn provides critical tools for the analysis of the planning process, and shows what social planning is and can be.  Clarifying the major phases in the planning process, he shows how planning can succeed or fail at any one of these stages.  He examined planners in their various roles: as "neutral" technicians and as advocates, as representatives of interest groups and as public officials. 

The book describes both the social aspects of planning and the relationship between social and physical plans.

ALFRED J. KAHN was professor of Social Policy and Planning at the Columbia University School of Social Work.

The notion of law as a social phenomenon would have surprised educators and scholars a century ago. For them, law was a science and the library was the ultimate source of all legal knowledge. Our contemporary willingness to see law in a social context—reflecting social relations, for example, or precipitating social changes—is a relatively recent development, spurred during the last quarter century by the work of a generation of scholars (mostly social scientists and law professors) who believe the perspectives of the social sciences are essential to a better understanding of the law.

Law and the Social Sciences provides a unique and authoritative assessment of modern sociolegal research. Its impressive range and depth, the centrality of its concerns, and the stature of its contributors all attest to the vitality of the law-and-society movement and the importance of interdisciplinary work in this field.

Each chapter is both an exposition of its author’s point of view and a survey of the pertinent literature. In treating such topics as law and the economic order, legal systems of the world, the deterrence doctrine, and access to justice, the authors explore overlapping themes—the tension between public and private domains, between diffused and concentrated power, between the goals of uniformity and flexibility, between costs and benefits—that are significant to observers not only of our legal institutions but of other social systems as well.

LEON LIPSON was Henry R. Luce Professor Emeritus of Jurisprudence and Paul C. Tsai Professorial Lecturer in Law at Yale University.

STANTON WHEELER was Ford Foundation Professor Emeritus of Law and the Social Sciences and professorial lecturer in law at Yale University.

CONTRIBUTORS: Richard L. Abel, Shari Seidman Diamond, Phoebe C. Ellsworth, Mark Galanter, Julius G. Getman, Jack P. Gibbs, Jeffrey L. Jowell, Edmund W. Kitch, Leon Lipson, Stewart Macaulay, David R. Mayhew, Sally Falk Moore, Austin D. Sarat, Richard D. Schwartz, Stanton Wheeler. 

Regulatory Justice is based on a case study of two closely linked federal agencies—the Cost of Living Council (CLC) and the Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP)—which administered a nationwide wage-price freeze in 1971.

ROBERT A. KAGAN is Professor of Political Science and Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley.

What determines the systematic allocation of status, power, and economic reward among lawyers?  What kind of social structure organizes lawyers’ roles in the bar and in the larger community?

As Heinz and Laumann convincingly demonstrate, the legal profession is stratified primarily by the character of the clients served, not by the type of legal service rendered.  In fact, the distinction between corporate and individual clients divides the bar into two remarkably separate hemispheres.  Using data from extensive personal interviews with nearly 800 Chicago lawyers, the authors show that lawyers who serve one type of client seldom serve the other.  Furthermore, lawyers’ political, ethno-religious, and social ties are very likely to correspond to those of their client types.  Greater deference is consistently shown to corporate lawyers, who seem to acquire power by association with their powerful clients.

Heinz and Laumann also discover that these two “hemispheres” of the legal profession are not effectively integrated by intraprofessional organizations such as the bar, courts, or law schools.  The fact that the bar is structured primarily along extraprofessional lines raises intriguing questions about the law and the nature of professionalism, questions addressed in a provocative and far-ranging final chapter.

This volume, published jointly with the American Bar Foundation, offers a uniquely sophisticated and comprehensive analysis of lawyers’ professional lives.  It will be of exceptional importance to sociologists and others interested in the legal profession, in the general study of professions, and in social stratification and the distribution of power.

JOHN P. HEINZ is Professor of law and Urban Affairs at Northwestern University and Executive Director of the American Bar Foundation.

Concentrates on the historical, statutory, judicial, and administrative aspects of philanthropic foundations.  It begins with a general survey of the rise of foundations, particularly as a legal concept, and examines existing provisions for state registration and supervision, with special atention to the role of the attorney general.  There are field reports on ten states with programs aimed at following charitable activities closely.  

The concluding chapter provides appraisals and recommendations, and appendices include state legal requirements for charitable trusts and corporations, selected state acts, rules, reporting forms, and a list of cases.

MARION R. FREMONT-SMITH is a practicing attorney in Boston.