A Volume in the American Sociological Association’s Rose Series in Sociology

Winner of the 2008 Richard Kalish Publication Award from the Genontological Society of America

"Market Friendly or Family Friendly? is a welcome addition to the burgeon ing debate over America's fraying social contract. With the knowledge and care of social scientists and the passion and vision of public intellectuals, Harrington Meyer and Herd show that older women continue to be gravely disadvantaged by a framework of old-age security that has been under assault for more than two decades. To their great credit, they also lay out a set of reasonable reforms that would go a long way toward making American social policy more 'family friendly.'"
-JACOB S. HACKER, professor of political science, Yale University

"In this beautifully written and carefully argued book, Madonna Harrington Meyer and Pamela Herd challenge advocates of pro-market policies who seek to privatize Social Security and Medicare and force families to pay more out-of-pocket for health care. Using a rich array of evidence, they convincingly demonstrate that the protection afforded by the welfare state is needed even more now than in the past, especially for women and minori ties. This should be required for anyone seeking to understand the distribu tional effects of social programs and for members of Congress."
-JILL QUADAGNO, Mildred and Claude Pepper Eminent Scholar in Social Gerontology, Florida State University

Poverty among the elderly is sharply gendered—women over sixty-five are twice as likely as men to live below the poverty line. Older women receive smaller Social Security payments and are less likely to have private pensions. They are twice as likely as men to need a caregiver and twice as likely as men to be a caregiver. Recent efforts of some in Washington to reduce and privatize social welfare programs threaten to exacerbate existing gender disparities among older Americans. They also threaten to exacerbate inequality among women by race, class, and marital status. Madonna Harrington Meyer and Pamela Herd explain these disparities and assess how proposed policy reforms would affect inequality among the aged.

Market Friendly or Family Friendly? documents the cumulative disadvantages that make it so difficult for women to achieve economic and health security when they retire. Wage discrimination and occupational segregation reduce women’s lifetime earnings, depressing their savings and Social Security benefits. While more women are employed today than a generation ago, they continue to shoulder a greater share of the care burden for children, the disabled, and the elderly. Moreover, as marriage rates have declined, more working mothers are raising children single-handedly. Women face higher rates of health problems due to their lower earnings and the high demands associated with unpaid care work.  There are also financial consequences to these family and work patterns.

Harrington Meyer and Herd contrast the impact of market friendly programs that maximize individual choice, risk, and responsibility with family friendly programs aimed at redistributing risks and resources. They evaluate popular policies on the current agenda, considering the implications for inequality. But they also evaluate less discussed policy proposals. In particular, minimum benefits for Social Security, as well as credits for raising children, would improve economic security for all, regardless of marital status. National health insurance would also reduce inequality, as would reforms to Medicare, particularly increased coverage of long term care. Just as important are policies such as universal preschool and paid family leave aimed at reducing the disadvantages women face during their working years.

The gender gaps that women experience during their work and family lives culminate in income and health disparities between men and women during retirement, but the problem has received scant attention. Market Friendly or Family Friendly? is a comprehensive introduction to this issue, and a significant contribution to the debate over the future of America’s entitlement programs.

MADONNA HARRINGTON MEYER is professor of sociology, director of the Gerontology Center, and senior research associate at the Center for Policy Research at Syracuse University.

PAMELA HERD is assistant professor of public affairs and sociology and a research associate at the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

An Institute for Research on Poverty Affiliated Book on Poverty and Public Policy

Teachers, social workers, psychologists, and sociologists carried out an ambitious, six-year experiment in individual casework and group therapy with potential problem girls in a New York City vocational high school. Conducted in collaboration with Youth Consultation Service, this provocative study provides valuable data on adolescent girls—and raises compelling questions on the extent to which casework can be effective in interrupting deviant careers.

HENRY J. MEYER is professor in the School of Social Work and the Department of Sociology at the University of Michigan.

EDGAR F. BORGATTA is chairman of the Department of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin.

WYATT C. JONES is senior research scientist in the School of Social Work at Columbia University

ELIZABETH P. ANDERSON is director of Youth Consultation Service.

HANNA GRUNWALD is group therapy consultant.

DOROTHY HEADLEY is senior group therapist.

Despite ongoing efforts to maintain ethical standards, highly publicized episodes of corporate misconduct occur with disturbing frequency. Firms produce defective products, release toxic substances into the environment, or permit dangerous conditions to existin their workplaces. The propensity for irresponsible acts is not confined to rogue companies, but crops up in even the most respectable firms. Codes of Conduct is the first comprehensive attempt to understand these problems by applying the principles of modern behavioral science to the study of organizational behavior.

Codes of Conduct probes the psychological and social processes through which companies and their managers respond to a wide array of ethical dilemmas, from risk and safety management to the treatment of employees. The contributors employ a wide range of case studies to illustrate the effects of social influence and group persuasion, organizational authority and communication, fragmented responsibility, and the process of rationalization. John Darley investigates how unethical acts are unintentionally assembled within organizations as a result of cascading pressures and social processes. Essays by Roderick Kramer and David Messick and by George Loewenstein focus on irrational decision making among managers. Willem Wagenaar examines how worker safety is endangered by management decisions that focus too narrowly on cost cutting and short time horizons. Essays by Baruch Fischhoff and by Robyn Dawes review the role of the expert in assessing environmental risk.

Robert Bies reviews evidence that employees are more willing to provide personal information and to accept affirmative action programs if they are consulted on the intended procedures and goals. Stephanie Goodwin and Susan Fiske discuss how employees can be educated to base office judgments on personal qualities rather than on generalizations of gender, race, and ethnicity. Codes of Conduct makes an important scientific contribution to the understanding of decisionmaking and social processes in business, and offers clear insights into the design of effective policies to improve ethical conduct.

DAVID M. MESSICK is at the Kellogg School at Northwestern University.

ANN E. TENBRUNSEL is at the College of Business Administration, University of Notre Dame.

CONTRIBUTORS: Jonathan Baron, Max H. Bazerman, Maura A. Belliveau, Francisco J. Benzoni, Robert J. Bies, Marilynn B. Brewer, Robert B. Cialdini, John M. Darley, Robyn M. Dawes, Thomas Donaldson, Baruch Fischhoff, Susan T. Fiske, Robert H. Frank, Stephanie A. Goodwin, Russell Hardin, Helmut Jungermann, Joshua Klayman, Roderick M. Kramer, George Loewenstein, Robert Mauro, Ann L. McGill, David M. Messick, Myron Rothbart, Ann E. Tenbrunsel, Tom R. Tyler, Kimberly A. Wade-Benzoni, Willem A. Wagenaar, and Patricia H. Werhane.

"Culture and Resource Conflict will be of great value to people interested in the roots of intergroup conflict, in cultural psychology, and in the way that the human mind operates to understand the physical and social environment."
-RICHARD E. NISBETT, Theodore M. Newcomb Distinguished University Professor, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan

"A dazzling and singular contribution to two disciplines, bringing rich and disarmingly personal ethnography to psychology, and rigorous cognitive science to ethnology. By far the best collaboration of psychologists and anthropologists to date, providing a unique and innovative purchase on the tragedy of the commons. Culture and Resource Conflict will be the gold standard of interdisciplinary work for a long time to come."
-LAWRENCE A. HIRSCHFELD, professor of anthropology and of psychology, New School for Social Research

In a multi-cultural society, differing worldviews among groups can lead to conflict over competing values and behaviors. Nowhere is this tension more concrete than in the wilderness, where people of different cultures hunt and fish for the same animals. White Americans tend to see nature as something external which they have some responsibility to care for. In contrast, Native Americans are more likely to see themselves as one with nature. In Culture and Resource Conflict, authors Douglas Medin, Norbert Ross, and Douglas Cox investigate the discord between whites and Menominee American Indians over hunting and fishing, and in the process, contribute to our understanding of how and why cultures so often collide.

Based on detailed ethnographic and experimental research, Culture and Resource Conflict finds that Native American and European American hunters and fishermen have differing approaches—or mental models—with respect to fish and game, and that these differences lead to misunderstanding, stereotyping, and conflict. Menominee look at the practice of hunting and fishing for sport as a sign of a lack of respect for nature. Whites, on the other hand, define respect for nature more on grounds of resource management and conservation. Some whites believe—contrary to fact—that Native Americans are depleting animal populations with excessive hunting and fishing, while the Menominee protest that they only hunt what they need and make extensive use of their catch. Yet the authors find that, despite these differences, the two groups share the fundamental underlying goal of preserving fish and game for future generations, and both groups see hunting and fishing as deeply meaningful activities. At its core, the conflict between these two groups is more about mistrust and stereotyping than actual disagreement over values.

Combining the strengths of psychology and anthropology, Culture and Resource Conflict shows how misunderstandings about the motives of others can lead to hostility and conflict. As debates over natural resources rage worldwide, this unique book demonstrates the obstacles that must be overcome for different groups to reach consensus over environmental policy.

DOUGLAS L. MEDIN is professor of psychology and education and social policy at Northwestern University.

NORBERT O. ROSS is assistant professor of anthropology at Vanderbilt University.

DOUGLAS G. COX is an environmental specialist at the Hilary J. Waukau Environmental Services Center on the Menominee reservation in Wisconsin.

"The welfare reform law of 1996 required mothers to work in exchange for their welfare benefits. At least a million mothers, previously dependent on welfare, went to work. But the story does not end there. By requiring work of some citizens, the new law revived timeless questions about whether poor citizens are entitled to welfare, whether government has the right to require work, and whether government should make invidious distinctions directed at those who don't work or don't live in accord with widely-held values such as marriage before parenthood. Welfare Reform and Political Theory is by far the most complete treatment of these and related value issues, with all points of view well-sometimes brilliantly-represented."
-RON HASKINS, senior fellow, Brookings Institution

"Christopher Beem, Lawrence M. Mead, and their contributors prove that it is possible for people on both sides of the debate about welfare reform to talk civilly to one another. Each of these essays presents a powerful and multifaceted argument, illuminating an array of connected issues about need, citizenship, virtue, responsibility, and exploitation. Each of them engages in detail with arguments on the other side. Welfare Reform and Political Theory is a fine collection, and it should be required reading for anyone who wants to deepen their thought about these issues."
-JEREMY WALDRON, University Professor and director, Center for Law and Philosophy, Columbia Law School

During the 1990s, both the United States and Britain shifted from entitlement to work-based systems for supporting their poor citizens. Much research has examined the implications of welfare reform for the economic well-being of the poor, but the new legislation also affects our view of democracy—and how it ought to function. By eliminating entitlement and setting behavioral conditions on aid, welfare reform challenges our understanding of citizenship, political equality, and the role of the state. In Welfare Reform and Political Theory, editors Lawrence Mead and Christopher Beem have assembled an accomplished list of political theorists, social policy experts, and legal scholars to address how welfare reform has affected core concepts of political theory and our understanding of democracy itself.

Welfare Reform and Political Theory is unified by a common set of questions. The contributors come from across the political spectrum, each bringing different perspectives to bear. Carole Pateman argues that welfare reform has compromised the very tenets of democracy by tying the idea of citizenship to participation in the marketplace. But William Galston writes that American citizenship has in some respects always been conditioned on good behavior; work requirements continue that tradition by promoting individual responsibility and self-reliance—values essential to a well-functioning democracy. Desmond King suggests that work requirements draw invidious distinctions among citizens and therefore destroy political equality. Amy Wax, on the other hand, contends that ending entitlement does not harm notions of equality, but promotes them, by ensuring that no one is rewarded for idleness. Christopher Beem argues that entitlement welfare served a social function—acknowledging the social value of care—that has been lost in the movement towards conditional benefits. Stuart White writes that work requirements can be accepted only subject to certain conditions, while Lawrence Mead argues that concerns about justice must be addressed only after recipients are working. Alan Deacon is well to the left of Joel Schartz, but both say government may actively promote virtue through social policy—a stance some other contributors reject.

The move to work-centered welfare in the 1990s represented not just a change in government policy, but a philosophical change in the way people perceived government, its functions, and its relationship with citizens. Welfare Reform and Political Theory offers a long overdue theoretical reexamination of democracy and citizenship in a workfare society.

LAWRENCE M. MEAD is professor of politics at New York University.

CHRISTOPHER BEEM is a program officer at The Johnson Foundation.

CONTRIBUTORS:  Alan Deacon, William A. Galston,  Desmond King,  Carole Pateman, Joel Schwartz, Amy L. Wax,  Stuart White.  

"Extremely coherent and useful, this much needed volume is concerned with the current status of the poor in Western industrial states. Its closely linked essays allow comparisons between case studies and are often themselves cross-national comparisons....The essays also comment on the meaning of globalization for social policy." —Choice

"Excellent and tightly integrated articles by a group of prominent international scholars....A timely and important book, which will surely become the basic reference point for all future research on inequality and social policy." —Contemporary Sociology

The social safety net is under strain in all Western nations, as social and economic change has created problems that traditional welfare systems were not designed to handle. Poverty, Inequality, and the Future of Social Policy provides a definitive analysis of the conditions that are fraying the social fabric and the reasons why some countries have been more successful than others in addressing these trends. In the United States, where the poverty rate in the 1980s was twice that of any advanced nation in Europe, the social protection system—and public support for it—has eroded alarmingly. In Europe, the welfare system more effectively buffered the disadvantaged, but social expenditures have been indicted by many as the principal cause of high unemployment.

Concluding chapters review the progress and goals of social welfare programs, assess their viability in the face of creeping economic, racial, and social fragmentation, and define the challenges that face those concerned with social cohesion and economic prosperity in the new global economy. This volume illuminates the disparate effects of government intervention on the incidence and duration of poverty in Western countries. Poverty, Inequality, and the Future of Social Policy is full of lessons for anyone who would look beyond the limitations of the welfare debate in the United States.

KATHERINE McFATE is associate director for social policy at the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies in Washington.

ROGER LAWSON is senior lecturer in social policy at the University of Southampton, England.

WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON is Malcolm Wiener Professor of Social Policy at Harvard University.

CONTRIBUTORS: Timothy Smeeding, Lee Rainwater, Greg J. Duncan, Bjorn Gustafsson, Richard Hauser, Gunter Schmaus, Stephen Jenkins, Hans Messinger, Ruud Muffels, Brian Nolan, Jean-Claude Ray, Wolfgang Voges, Susan Mayer, Guy Standing, Peter Gottschalk, Mary Joyce, Sheila B. Kamerman, Nadine Lefaucheur, Siv Gustafsson, Ruth Rose, Sara McLanahan, Irwin Garfinkel, aul Osterman, Bernard Casey, Enrico Pugliese, Troy Duster, Alejandro Portes, Min Zhou,Ian Gordon, Loic Wacquant, Sophie Body-Gendrot, Colin Brown, Justus Veenman, Hugh Heclo, Roger Lawson, William Julius Wilson. 

"An excellent collection. Some of the essays offer important discussions of foundational questions about human behavior; others make real progress on concrete issues, such as tax compliance and savings for retirement. Behavioral Public Finance is an extremely valuable addition to the burgeoning literature in behavioral economics."
-CASS R. SUNSTEIN, Karl N. Llewellyn Distinguished Service Professor, Law School and Department of Political Science, University of Chicago

"The rapidly emerging field of behavioral economics challenges the rational-agent model that underpins neoclassical economics. This insightful volume asks how new behavioral insights affect time-honored principles of neoclassical public finance. Behavioral Public Finance leaves no doubt that the behavioral economics revolution will affect the study and the design of tax policy. Every serious student of public finance will want to read this book, to master its findings, and to take up the editors' invitation to help re-evaluate some of the foundations of our field."
-JAMES POTERBA, Mitsui Professor of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

"A majority of Americans oppose the 'death tax' but support a tax on inheritances. This sort of inconsistency illustrates both the good news and bad news for economists that emerge from a reading of psychology. The bad news is that many factors, such as the name given to a particular tax, or the option selected to be the default, can influence both attitudes and behavior. The good news is that more realistic models of human behavior offer economists and policy makers a much richer and more powerful set of tools to use to accomplish public goals, from saving lives to achieving tax compliance to reforming social security. The new breed of public finance that Behavioral Public Finance begins to create is non-ideological, neither left-wing nor right-wing public finance. It is just effective public finance."
-RICHARD H. THALER, Ralph and Dorothy Keller Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science, Economics and Finance, University of Chicago

Behavioral economics questions the basic underpinnings of economic theory, showing that people often do not act consistently in their own self-interest when making economic decisions. While these findings have important theoretical implications, they also provide a new lens for examining public policies, such as taxation, public spending, and the provision of adequate pensions. How can people be encouraged to save adequately for retirement when evidence shows that they tend to spend their money as soon as they can? Would closer monitoring of income tax returns lead to more honest taxpayers or a more distrustful, uncooperative citizenry? Behavioral Public Finance, edited by Edward McCaffery and Joel Slemrod, applies the principles of behavioral economics to government's role in constructing economic and social policies of these kinds and suggests that programs crafted with rational participants in mind may require redesign.
Behavioral Public Finance looks at several facets of economic life and asks how behavioral research can increase public welfare. Deborah A. Small, George Loewenstein, and Jeff Strnad note that public support for a tax often depends not only on who bears its burdens, but also on how the tax is framed. For example, people tend to prefer corporate taxes over sales taxes, even though the cost of both is eventually extracted from the consumer. James J. Choi, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, and Andrew Metrick assess the impact of several different features of 401(k) plans on employee savings behavior. They find that when employees are automatically enrolled in a retirement savings plan, they overwhelmingly accept the status quo and continue participating, while employees without automatic enrollment typically take over a year to join the saving plan. Behavioral Public Finance also looks at taxpayer compliance. While the classic economic model suggests that the low rate of IRS audits means far fewer people should voluntarily pay their taxes than actually do, John Cullis, Philip Jones, and Alan Lewis present new research showing that many people do not underreport their incomes even when the probability of getting caught is a mere one percent.

Human beings are not always rational, utility-maximizing economic agents. Behavioral economics has shown how human behavior departs from the assumptions made by generations of economists. Now, Behavioral Public Finance brings the insights of behavioral economics to analysis of policies that affect us all.

EDWARD J. MCCAFFERY is Robert C. Packard Trustee Chair in Law and Political Science at the University of Southern California and visiting professor of law and economics at the California Institute of Technology.

JOEL SLEMROD is Paul W. McCracken Collegiate Professor of Business Economics and Public Policy, director of the Office of Tax Policy Research in the Stephen M. Ross School of Business, and professor of economics at the University of Michigan.

CONTRIBUTORS: Caroline Adams, Jonathan Baron, James J. Choi, Terrence Chorvat, John Cullis, Henk Elffers, Richard A. Epstein, Hanming Fang, Lee Anne Fennell, Bruno S. Frey, Howell E. Jackson, Philip Jones, David Laibson, Alan Lewis, George Loewenstein, Brigitte C. Madrian, Edward J. McCaffery, Andrew Metrick, Joel Slemrod, Dan Silverman, Deborah A. Small, Jeff Strnad, Alois Stutzer, and Paul Webley.

"Bill Maurer has a unique talent for communicating the most sophisticated theoretical con cepts in ways that can be brought to bear upon pressing social issues. Pious Property engages with matters of immediate political concern in a way that is both remarkably sensitive to the complexities of the issues and yet always accessible to a broad readership. Along the way, it provides a powerful demonstration of the unique contributions ethnography can make to our understanding of cutting edge policy problems."
-ANNELISE RILES, professor of anthropology and law, Cornell University

"How do Muslims in the United States finance their homes? And by what means, given the religious injunction against interest, do Islamic bankers make mortgages available to their cli ents? In this fascinating, highly accessible new book, Bill Maurer, one of the most imaginative anthropologists of his generation, shows us how the ordinary practice of house-buying illumi nates contemporary Islamic law and, yet more significantly, the cultural citizenship of Muslim Americans in the delicate years since 9/11. Breaking with received social science concepts, Pious Property offers an intriguing analysis of the way in which home finance, filtered through Islam, has acquired a 'charisma of form' at the point of intersection between the religious and secular. In so doing, it succeeds splendidly-and importantly-in unsettling Euro-American stereotypes of Islam and Muslims."
-JOHN COMAROFF, Harold H. Swift Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, and senior research fellow, American Bar Foundation

"Pious Property is a magnificent contribution to the growing literature on Muslims in the United States. Accessible, cogent, and original, by a leading anthropologist of law and society, this book provides valuable insight into the marriage of pragmatism and idealism evident in the expansion of Islamic financial instruments. By touching on the historical debates about the sinfulness of interest-bearing debt in Christian terms, Bill Maurer draws significant parallels and makes sense of how the contemporary context of opportunity (the American dream) conditions the evolution of Muslim practices in the United States. This book will bring the study of American Islam to the fore of mainstream scholarship about the relationship between law, religion, and economics."
-KATHLEEN M. MOORE, associate professor and chair, Law and Society Program, University of California, Santa Barbara

Owning a home has always been central to the American dream. For the more than one million Muslims in the United States, this is no exception. However, the Qur'an forbids the payment of interest, which places conventional home financing out of reach for observant Muslims. To meet the growing Muslim demand for home purchases, a market for home financing that would be halal, or permissible under Islamic law, has emerged. In Pious Property, anthropologist William Maurer profiles the emergence of this new religiously based financial service and explores the ways it reflects the influence of Muslim practices on American economic life and vice versa.

Pious Property charts the development of Islamic mortgages in America, starting with Islamic interpretations of the prohibition against riba—literally translated as "increase" but interpreted as "usury" or "interest." Maurer then explores the different practices that have emerged as permissible options for Islamic homebuyers—such as lease-to-own arrangements, profit-loss sharing, and cost-plus contracts—and explains how they have gained acceptance in the Islamic community by relying on payment schemes that avoid standard interest rate payments. Using interviews with Muslim homebuyers and financiers, and in-depth analysis of two companies that provide mortgage alternatives to Muslims, Maurer discovers an interesting paradox: progressive Muslims tend to use financial contracts that seemingly comply better with the prohibition against interest, while traditional Muslims seem more inclined to take on financing very similar to interest-based mortgages. Maurer finds that Muslims make their decisions about using Islamic mortgage alternatives based not only on the views of religious scholars, but also on their conceptions of how business is supposed to be conducted in America. While one form of Islamic financing is seemingly more congruent with the prohibition against riba, the other exhibits more of the qualities of American mortgages—anonymity and standardized forms. The appearance that an Islamic financing instrument is legal and professional leaves many Muslim homebuyers with the impression that it is halal, revealing the influence of American capitalism on Muslim Americans’ understanding of their religious rules.

The market for halal financial products exists at the intersection of American and Islamic culture and is emblematic of the way that, for centuries, America's newcomers have adapted to and changed the fabric of American life. In Pious Property, William Maurer explores this rapidly growing economic phenomenon with historical perspective and scholarly insight.

BILL MAURER is associate professor of anthropology at the University of California, Irvine.
 

Winner of the 2004 Otis Dudley Duncan Award for Outstanding Scholarship in Social Demography

Honorarble Mention 2004 Thomas and Znaniecki Award from the International Migration Section of the American Sociological Association

"Beyond Smoke and Mirrors is a book that needed to be written. The authors have achieved an extraordinary synthesis of hard facts and social theory and brought it to bear on the current state of immigration to the United States. Whoever wishes to understand the chaos that well-intended but misinformed immigration policies have produced should read this book; whoever wants to know what needs to be done to correct the situation should make it a top priority."
-ALEJANDRO PORTES, Princeton University

"Douglas Massey, Jorge Durand, and Nolan Malone provide a fresh perspective of Mexican migration history by systematically tracing the predictable consequences of highly unsystematic policy regimes. The authors provide an incisive diagnosis of the current policy dilemma by marshalling new and compelling evidence to expose the flagrant contradiction of allowing the free flow of goods and capital, but not people, and they argue for much-needed policy reforms. This highly accessible volume is a must read for students of U.S .- Mexico relations."
-MARTA TIENDA, Princeton University

"Beyond Smoke and Mirrors is the most comprehensive, penetrating, and interesting treatment yet written of the origins and changes in both Mexican migration to the United States and U.S. migration policies in the post-World War II period. Offering pioneering analyses and provocative policy proposals, as well as a wealth of information about the contexts within which migration takes place and policies become formulated and adopted, the book is 'must' reading not only for students and faculty but also scholars and policymakers."
-FRANK D. BEAN, University of California, Irvine

Migration between Mexico and the United States is part of a historical process of increasing North American integration. This process acquired new momentum with the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994, which lowered barriers to the movement of goods, capital, services, and information. But rather than include labor in this new regime, the United States continues to resist the integration of the labor markets of the two countries. Instead of easing restrictions on Mexican labor, the United States has militarized its border and adopted restrictive new policies of immigrant disenfranchisement. Beyond Smoke and Mirrors examines the devastating impact of these immigration policies on the social and economic fabric of the Mexico and the United States, and calls for a sweeping reform of the current system.

Beyond Smoke and Mirrors shows how U.S. immigration policies enacted between 1986–1996—largely for symbolic domestic political purposes—harm the interests of Mexico, the United States, and the people who migrate between them. The costs have been high. The book documents how the massive expansion of border enforcement has wasted billions of dollars and hundreds of lives, yet has not deterred increasing numbers of undocumented immigrants from heading north. The authors also show how the new policies unleashed a host of unintended consequences: a shift away from seasonal, circular migration toward permanent settlement; the creation of a black market for Mexican labor; the transformation of Mexican immigration from a regional phenomenon into a broad social movement touching every region of the country; and even the lowering of wages for legal U.S. residents. What had been a relatively open and benign labor process before 1986 was transformed into an exploitative underground system of labor coercion, one that lowered wages and working conditions of undocumented migrants, legal immigrants, and American citizens alike.

Beyond Smoke and Mirrors offers specific proposals for repairing the damage. Rather than denying the reality of labor migration, the authors recommend regularizing it and working to manage it so as to promote economic development in Mexico, minimize costs and disruptions for the United States, and maximize benefits for all concerned. This book provides an essential "user's manual" for readers seeking a historical, theoretical, and substantive understanding of how U.S. policy on Mexican immigration evolved to its current dysfunctional state, as well as how it might be fixed.

DOUGLAS S. MASSEY is the Dorothy Swaine Thomas Professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.

JORGE DURAND is professor and investigator in the Department for the Study of Social Movements at the Universidad de Guadalajara.

NOLAN J. MALONE is a doctoral candidate in demography at the University of Pennsylvania.

"In this volume Douglas Massey has brought together some of the best of the first wave scholarship on these 'new destinations.' With an eclectic mix of demography, quantitative analysis, in-depth interviews, and ethnography New Faces in New Places provides the best overview we have so far of what is happening in these communities"
-CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY

"The historically unprecedented geographic dispersal of U.S. immigrants is redefining inter-group relations and labor markets. Using a range of quantitative and qualitative methods, Douglas S. Massey and his collaborators address myriad aspects of this unfolding social narrative to identify its causes and consequences for the newcomers, for their host communities, for their employers, and for their families. This volume should be required reading for state and local officials in the new immigrant destinations, for political pundits obsessed with enforcement, and U.S. representatives who will reform future immigration laws. New Faces in New Places is another home run!"
-MARTA TIENDA, Maurice P. During '22 Professor in Demographic Studies and professor of sociology and public affairs, Princeton University

"This enlightening volume aims to explain the dramatic shift in the geography of immigrant settlement since the 1990s, and to explore its wide-ranging consequences for new receiving communities in the South and Midwest-from changed intergroup relations to the responses of local institutions and the immigrants themselves. New Faces in New Places is essential reading to grasp this historic transformation of American communal and national life."
-RUBEN G. RUMBAUT, professor of sociology, University of California, Irvine

"The rapid dispersion of immigrants to rural areas, big cities, towns and suburbs in every region of the United States is one of the most important sociological and demographic developments of the turn of the century. As immigrants arrive and begin to change the face of their newly found gateways, local residents react and often resist the sudden transformation of familiar landscapes. The essays brought together by Douglas Massey in this volume show that whether in the nation's capital, in vibrant Nashville, or in the meatpacking towns of the Midwest, the sinuous path that lies ahead will provide many surprises. Aptly balancing macro and micro perspectives and quantitative and qualitative approaches, New Faces in New Places maps out the complex route of settlement, incorporation, and inter-group relations in new immigrant destinations, and is bound to become a necessary point of reference in this burgeoning field."
-RUBÉN HERNÁNDEZ-LEÓN, assistant professor of sociology, University of California, Los Angeles

Beginning in the 1990s, immigrants to the United States increasingly bypassed traditional gateway cites such as Los Angeles and New York to settle in smaller towns and cities throughout the nation. With immigrant communities popping up in so many new places, questions about ethnic diversity and immigrant assimilation confront more and more Americans. New Faces in New Places, edited by distinguished sociologist Douglas Massey, explores today’s geography of immigration and examines the ways in which native-born Americans are dealing with their new neighbors.

Using the latest census data and other population surveys, New Faces in New Places examines the causes and consequences of the shift toward new immigrant destinations. Contributors Mark Leach and Frank Bean examine the growing demand for low-wage labor and lower housing costs that have attracted many immigrants to move beyond the larger cities. Katharine Donato, Charles Tolbert, Alfred Nucci, and Yukio Kawano report that the majority of Mexican immigrants are no longer single male workers but entire families, who are settling in small towns and creating a surge among some rural populations long in decline. Katherine Fennelly shows how opinions about the growing immigrant population in a small Minnesota town are divided along socioeconomic lines among the local inhabitants. The town’s leadership and professional elites focus on immigrant contributions to the economic development and the diversification of the community, while working class residents fear new immigrants will bring crime and an increased tax burden to their communities. Helen Marrow reports that many African Americans in the rural south object to Hispanic immigrants benefiting from affirmative action even though they have just arrived in the United States and never experienced historical discrimination. As Douglas Massey argues in his conclusion, many of the towns profiled in this volume are not equipped with the social and economic institutions to help assimilate new immigrants that are available in the traditional immigrant gateways of New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. And the continual replenishment of the flow of immigrants may adversely affect the nation’s perception of how today’s newcomers are assimilating relative to previous waves of immigrants.

New Faces in New Places illustrates the many ways that communities across the nation are reacting to the arrival of immigrant newcomers, and suggests that patterns and processes of assimilation in the twenty-first century may be quite different from those of the past. Enriched by perspectives from sociology, anthropology, and geography New Faces in New Places is essential reading for scholars of immigration and all those interested in learning the facts about new faces in new places in America.

DOUGLAS S. MASSEY is Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School.

CONTRIBUTORS: Carl L. Bankston III, Frank D. Bean, Chiara Capoferro, Katharine M. Donato, Katherine Fennelly, David Griffith, Charles Hirschman, Michael Jones-Correa, William Kandel, Yukio Kawano, Mark A. Leach, Helen B. Marrow, Alfred Nucci, Emilio A. Parrado, Debra Lattanzi Shutika, Charles Tolbert, Jamie Winders.