“Amid the current debates about immigration, highly skilled and unauthorized immigrants have taken the center stage. But in Catherine Lee’s carefully researched and written account, she reminds us that family unification remains the core of regular immigration policy. She traces family unification back to the nineteenth century and explains why families remain the core of policy and what the meaning of family is for racial and national issues. For those wanting to know what functions family unification serves for immigration policy, Fictive Kinship is required reading. Family unification will no doubt still be the core of policy. For, after all, what will become of the families of the undocumented who might become legal?”
—David M. Reimers, professor emeritus of history, New York University 

“Fictive Kinship is a fascinating examination of what family has meant in the history of U.S. immigration. Family reunification has facilitated the entry of many immigrants, and as Professor Lee shows, it has done so long before passage of the 1965 Hart-Cellar Act. The book’s key contribution is showing how family has been fictively constructed, with its meaning shifting to support inclusionary and exclusionary positions and linked to ideas about the nation-state, race, and gender. This is critical reading for all those interested in immigration—and it reveals the critical place that the family plays in this process.”
—Katharine M. Donato, professor and chair, Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University

Today, roughly 70 percent of all visas for legal immigration are reserved for family members of permanent residents or American citizens. Family reunification—policies that seek to preserve family unity during or following migration—is a central pillar of current immigration law, but it has existed in some form in American statutes since at least the mid-nineteenth century. In Fictive Kinship, sociologist Catherine Lee delves into the fascinating history of family reunification to examine how and why our conceptions of family have shaped immigration, the meaning of race, and the way we see ourselves as a country.

Drawing from a rich set of archival sources, Fictive Kinship shows that even the most draconian anti-immigrant laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, contained provisions for family unity, albeit for a limited class of immigrants. Arguments for uniting families separated by World War II and the Korean War also shaped immigration debates and the policies that led to the landmark 1965 Immigration Act. Lee argues that debating the contours of family offers a ready set of symbols and meanings to frame national identity and to define who counts as “one of us.” Talk about family, however, does not inevitably lead to more liberal immigration policies. Welfare reform in the 1990s, for example, placed limits on benefits for immigrant families, and recent debates over the children of undocumented immigrants fanned petitions to rescind birthright citizenship. Fictive Kinship shows that the centrality of family unity in the immigration discourse often limits the discussion about the goals, functions and roles of immigration and prevents a broader definition of American identity.

Too often, studies of immigration policy focus on individuals or particular ethnic or racial groups. With its original and wide-ranging inquiry, Fictive Kinship shifts the analysis in immigration studies toward the family, a largely unrecognized but critical component in the regulation of immigrants’ experience in America.

CATHERINE LEE is associate professor of sociology and faculty associate at the Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research at Rutgers University.

Winner of the 2013 C. Wright Mills Award from the Society for the Study of Social Problems

Winner of the 2014 Book Award from the Inequality, Poverty, and Mobility Section of the American Sociological Association

Runner Up, 2014 Academy of Management's George R. Terry Book Award

“Nancy DiTomaso seriously challenges the framing of racial issues in the United States. Informed by interviews with non-Hispanic whites from three areas of the country, she not only convincingly reveals how racial inequality can be maintained and perpetuated without racism, but also how most whites absolve themselves of guilt feelings about race. The American Non-Dilemma is replete with new insights on a historic domestic problem.”
—WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON, Harvard University

“Scholars in the humanities are expert at analyzing absences—the pause in the music’s beat, the white space in the painting, the protagonist’s missing child in the novel. But social scientists are generally very poor at analyzing nonevents. In The American Non-
Dilemma, Nancy DiTomaso expertly reveals what Americans do not say, because of what they do not see. Whites’ inability to perceive the benefits of racial privilege, even in the context of economic struggles, helps us to understand how racial hierarchy persists in a nation committed to equal opportunity.”
—JENNIFER HOCHSCHILD, Harvard University

The Civil Rights movement of the 1960s seemed to mark a historical turning point in advancing the American dream of equal opportunity for all citizens, regardless of race. Yet 50 years on, racial inequality remains a troubling fact of life in American society and its causes are highly contested. In The American Non-Dilemma, sociologist Nancy DiTomaso convincingly argues that America's enduring racial divide is sustained more by whites' preferential treatment of members of their own social networks than by overt racial discrimination. Drawing on research from sociology, political science, history, and psychology, as well as her own interviews with a cross-section of non-Hispanic whites, DiTomaso provides a comprehensive examination of the persistence of racial inequality in the post-Civil Rights era and how it plays out in today's economic and political context.

Taking Gunnar Myrdal's classic work on America's racial divide, The American Dilemma, as her departure point, DiTomaso focuses on "the white side of the race line." To do so, she interviewed a sample of working, middle, and upper-class whites about their life histories, political views, and general outlook on racial inequality in America. While the vast majority of whites profess strong support for civil rights and equal opportunity regardless of race, they continue to pursue their own group-based advantage, especially in the labor market where whites tend to favor other whites in securing jobs protected from market competition. This "opportunity hoarding" leads to substantially improved life outcomes for whites due to their greater access to social resources from family, schools, churches, and other institutions with which they are engaged.

DiTomaso also examines how whites understand the persistence of racial inequality in a society where whites are, on average, the advantaged racial group. Most whites see themselves as part of the solution rather than part of the problem with regard to racial inequality. Yet they continue to harbor strong reservations about public policies—such as affirmative action—intended to ameliorate racial inequality. In effect, they accept the principles of civil rights but not the implementation of policies that would bring about greater racial equality. DiTomaso shows that the political engagement of different groups of whites is affected by their views of how civil rights policies impact their ability to provide advantages to family and friends. This tension between civil and labor rights is evident in Republicans' use of anti-civil rights platforms to attract white voters, and in the efforts of Democrats to bridge race and class issues, or civil and labor rights broadly defined. As a result, DiTomaso finds that whites are, at best, uncertain allies in the fight for racial equality.

Weaving together research on both race and class, along with the life experiences of DiTomaso's interview subjects, The American Non-Dilemma provides a compelling exploration of how racial inequality is reproduced in today's society, how people come to terms with the issue in their day-to-day experiences, and what these trends may signify in the contemporary political landscape.

NANCY DITOMASO is professor of organization management at Rutgers University.

“Europe has joined North America as a region of immigration and cities such as such as Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, Paris, Stockholm, and Vienna have become major immigrant gateways, along with traditional gateways such as New York and Los Angeles. The Changing Face of World Cities offers the first truly comparative analysis of patterns and processes of assimilation and integration in Europe and the United States. In a model of collaborative scholarship, the multinational team assembled by Maurice Crul and John Mollenkopf use comparable methods and data to shed analytic light on the barriers and bridges that immigrants and their children face in different national settings. It is essential reading for students of immigration on both sides of the Atlantic.”
—Douglas S. Massey, Princeton University

“The Changing Face of World Cities offers new, comparative vistas on immigrant integration around the Atlantic. It challenges the widely-held assumption that American society is more open toward the young adult children of immigrants than Europe and shows how the varied approaches on the European continent lead to different trajectories of immigrant integration. It should provoke deeper and more informed policy discussions on both sides of the Atlantic.”
—Andreas Wimmer, UCLA

“Maurice Crul and John Mollenkopf have produced the first systematic, in-depth comparative analysis of the effects of global migration in Europe and the United States. It will be essential reading for all immigration scholars. Moreover, anyone who cares about the future of either Europe or the United States must read this book.”
—Alex Stepick, Florida International University

A seismic population shift is taking place as many formerly racially homogeneous cities in the West attract a diverse influx of newcomers seeking economic and social advancement. In The Changing Face of World Cities, a distinguished group of immigration experts presents the first systematic, data-based comparison of the lives of young adult children of immigrants growing up in seventeen big cities of Western Europe and the United States. Drawing on a comprehensive set of surveys, this important book brings together new evidence about the international immigrant experience and provides far-reaching lessons for devising more effective public policies.

The Changing Face of World Cities pairs European and American researchers to explore how youths of immigrant origin negotiate educational systems, labor markets, gender, neighborhoods, citizenship, and identity on both sides of the Atlantic. Maurice Crul and his co-authors compare the educational trajectories of second-generation Mexicans in Los Angeles with second-generation Turks in Western European cities. In the United States, uneven school quality in disadvantaged immigrant neighborhoods and the high cost of college are the main barriers to educational advancement, while in some European countries, rigid early selection sorts many students off the college track and into dead-end jobs. Liza Reisel, Laurence Lessard-Phillips, and Phil Kasinitz find that while more young members of the second generation are employed in the United States than in Europe, they are also likely to hold low-paying jobs that barely life them out of poverty. In Europe, where immigrant youth suffer from higher unemployment, the embattled European welfare system still yields them a higher standard of living than many of their American counterparts. Turning to issues of identity and belonging, Jens Schneider, Leo Chávez, Louis DeSipio, and Mary Waters find that it is far easier for the children of Dominican or Mexican immigrants to identify as American, in part because the United States takes hyphenated identities for granted. In Europe, religious bias against Islam makes it hard for young people of Turkish origin to identify strongly as German, French, or Swedish. Editors Maurice Crul and John Mollenkopf conclude that despite the barriers these youngsters encounter on both continents, they are making real progress relative to their parents and are beginning to close the gap with the native-born.

The Changing Face of World Cities goes well beyong existing immigration literature focused on the U.S. experience to show that national policies on each side of the Atlantic can be enriched by lessons from the other. The Changing Face of World Cities will be vital reading for anyone interested in the young people who will shape the future of our increasingly interconnected global economy.

MAURICE CRUL is professor of sociology at Erasmus University Rotterdam.

JOHN MOLLENKOPF is Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Sociology, and director, Center for Urban Research, at The Graduate Center, City University of New York.

CONTRIBUTORS: Richard Alba, Susan K. Brown, Leo Chavez, Louis DeSipio, Rosita Fibbi, Nancy Foner, Barbara Herzog-Punzenberger, Philip Kasinitz, Elif Keskiner, Jennifer Lee, Laurence Lessard-Phillips, Leo Lucassen, Liza Reisel, Jeffrey G. Reitz, Jens Schneider, Philipp Schnell, Patrick Simon, Thomas Soehl, Van C. Tran, Constanza Vera-Larrucea, Mary Waters, Min Zhou.

"Asian American Political Participation provides a revealing and nuanced analysis of the political attitudes and voting preferences of the rapidly growing, highly diverse, and increasingly influential population of sixteen million Asian Americans. Based on the first-ever large-scale, multilingual national survey, this work is a 'must read' for all who study or participate in American electoral politics, the politics of race and ethnicity, and the political acculturation of immigrants. The team of Janelle Wong, S. Karthick Ramakrishnan, Taeku Lee, and Jane Junn has made an exceptional contribution to public knowledge and research about the growing impact and visibility of Asian American voters, donors, activists, and politicians."
-DON T. NAKANISHI, University of California, Los Angeles

"In this theoretically nuanced and empirically sophisticated study, these brilliant young political scientists not only decipher the paradoxes of Asian American political engagement, they show why it requires us to redefine our understanding of political participation in America-and how to do so. Destined to be a classic."
-JOHN MOLLENKOPF, CUNY Graduate Center

"Path-breaking in its evidence and in the sophistication of interpretation, Asian American Political Participation is an indispensable study for anyone interested in Asian Americans in American politics. The four authors, all leading specialists, offer rich insights into why Asian Americans are voting as they are. With Asian Americans becoming an increasingly important constituency, this book is useful and most timely."
-GORDON H. CHANG, Stanford University

"This book is outstanding for explaining participation rates across Asian American individuals and groups. Using new national survey data, the authors of this breakthrough study identify commonalities among Asian Americans, but also differences by national origin that produce significant variation in civic engagement. Although much is known about the general causes of political activity, the valuable lesson of Asian American Political Participation is that theory depends critically on group contexts that are rooted in politics, geography, history, and race."
-DENNIS CHONG, Northwestern University

Asian Americans are a small percentage of the U.S. population, but their numbers are steadily rising—from less than a million in 1960 to more than 15 million today. They are also a remarkably diverse population—representing several ethnicities, religions, and languages—and they enjoy higher levels of education and income than any other U.S. racial group. Historically, socioeconomic status has been a reliable predictor of political behavior. So why has this fast-growing American population, which is doing so well economically, been so little engaged in the U.S. political system? Asian American Political Participation is the most comprehensive study to date of Asian American political behavior, including such key measures as voting, political donations, community organizing, and political protests. The book examines why some groups participate while others do not, why certain civic activities are deemed preferable to others, and why Asian socioeconomic advantage has so far not led to increased political clout.

Asian American Political Participation is based on data from the authors’ groundbreaking 2008 National Asian American Survey of more than 5,000 Chinese, Indian, Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino, and Japanese Americans. The book shows that the motivations for and impediments to political participation are as diverse as the Asian American population. For example, native-born Asians have higher rates of political participation than their immigrant counterparts, particularly recent adult arrivals who were socialized outside of the United States. Protest activity is the exception, which tends to be higher among immigrants who maintain connections abroad and who engaged in such activity in their country of origin. Surprisingly, factors such as living in a new immigrant destination or in a city with an Asian American elected official do not seem to motivate political behavior—neither does ethnic group solidarity. Instead, hate crimes and racial victimization are the factors that most motivate Asian Americans to participate politically. Involvement in non-political activities such as civic and religious groups also bolsters political participation. Even among Asian groups, socioeconomic advantage does not necessarily translate into high levels of political participation. Chinese Americans, for example, have significantly higher levels of educational attainment than Japanese Americans, but Japanese Americans are far more likely to vote and make political contributions. And Vietnamese Americans, with the lowest levels of education and income, vote and engage in protest politics more than any other group.

Lawmakers tend to favor the interests of groups who actively engage the political system, and groups who do not participate at high levels are likely to suffer political consequences in the future. Asian American Political Participation demonstrates that understanding Asian political behavior today can have significant repercussions for Asian American political influence tomorrow.

JANELLE WONG is associate professor of political science and American studies and ethnicity at the University of Southern California and director of the Institute of Public Service at Seattle University.

S. KARTHICK RAMAKRISHNAN is associate professor of political science at the University of California, Riverside.

TAEKU LEE is professor of political science and law at the University of California, Berkeley.

JANE JUNN is professor of political science at the University of Southern California.

“Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race contributes mightily to our understanding of important issues that we ignored for too long, and still understand too little about. It is vital reading.”
—ADAM PERTMAN, Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute 

“Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race by Mia Tuan and Jiannbin Lee Shiao gives critical insights into the unique experience of Korean adoptees. This book provides depth of detail and background, making it one of the most complete resources available on this subject. As a first-generation Korean adoptee, much of what is described by adoptees in this book resonates with me. Tuan and Shiao have done an excellent job of providing supporting information and research, but let the voices of the adoptees tell their own stories of navigating the nuances of being a Korean American adoptee. The result is a profoundly good read.”
—SUSAN SOON-KEUM COX, Holt International 

“Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race by Mia Tuan and Jiannbin Lee Shiao is a must read for scholars in the specialized field of transnational and transracial adoption studies and the larger field of ethnic and racial studies, as well as for all parties involved in international adoption practices, including birth and adoptive families, adoption agencies, and mental health service providers. Using in-depth interviews, Tuan and Shiao reveal the ways in which ethnicity, race, and culture overlap, intersect, and remain distinct in the everyday lives of adopted Korean Americans. They also expertly frame these experiences within H. David Kirk’s theory of shared fate, complemented by current sociological and psychological theory and research on adoption, ethnicity, and race. Equally, if not more, important, Tuan and Shiao make public the personal voices and narratives of adopted Korean American adults whose stories have long been appropriated by adoptive parents and adoption agencies.”
—RICHARD M. LEE, University of Minnesota 

“In Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race, Mia Tuan and Jiannbin Lee Shiao give us a fresh and compelling analysis of how race can shape social experience even in the seemingly mos integrated places. With rich new interview material on Korean adoptees—the single largest category of foreign-born adoptees in the United States—Tuan and Shiao show how a racialized social order penetrates even the most intimate realms of identity and family. Rather than transracial adoption proving the irrelevance of race today, they show that it creates new and complex terrain on which matters of ethnic identity and socially imposed racial boundaries and hierarchies get renegotiated. This book makes a major contribution and is a must read for anyone interested in transracial adoption or the larger contemporary dynamics of race.”
—LAWRENCE D. BOBO, Harvard University

Transnational adoption was once a rarity in the United States, but Americans have been choosing to adopt children from abroad with increasing frequency since the mid-twentieth century. Korean adoptees make up the largest share of international adoptions—25 percent of all children adopted from outside the United States—but they remain understudied among Asian American groups. What kind of identities do adoptees develop as members of American families and in a cultural climate that often views them as foreigners? Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race is the only study of this unique population to collect in-depth interviews with a multigenerational, random sample of adult Korean adoptees. The book examines how Korean adoptees form their social identities and compares them to native-born Asian Americans who are not adopted.

How do American stereotypes influence the ways Korean adoptees identify themselves? Does the need to explore a Korean cultural identity—or the absence of this need—shift according to life stage or circumstance? In Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race, sixty-one adult Korean adoptees—representing different genders, social classes, and communities—reflect on early childhood, young adulthood, their current lives, and how they experience others’ perceptions of them. The authors find that most adoptees do not identify themselves strongly in ethnic terms, although they will at times identify as Korean or Asian American in order to deflect questions from outsiders about their cultural backgrounds. Indeed, Korean adoptees are far less likely than their non-adopted Asian American peers to explore their ethnic backgrounds by joining ethnic organizations or social networks. Adoptees who do not explore their ethnic identity early in life are less likely ever to do so—citing such causes as general aversion, lack of opportunity, or the personal insignificance of race, ethnicity, and adoption in their lives. Nonetheless, the choice of many adoptees not to identify as Korean or Asian American does not diminish the salience of racial stereotypes in their lives. Korean adoptees must continually navigate society’s assumptions about Asian Americans regardless of whether they chose to identify ethnically.

Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race is a crucial examination of this little-studied American population and will make informative reading for adoptive families, adoption agencies, and policymakers. The authors demonstrate that while race is a social construct, its influence on daily life is real. This book provides an insightful analysis of how potent this influence can be—for transnational adoptees and all Americans.

MIA TUAN is professor of education studies, director of the Center on Diversity and Community, and associate dean of the graduate school at the University of Oregon.

JIANNBIN LEE SHIAO is associate professor of sociology at the University of Oregon.

"New Destinations describes, situates, and analyzes the new Mexican settlement in Pennsylvania, lowa, Kentucky, Georgia, Delaware, Louisiana, Nebraska, North Carolina, and New York City. The editors' informed and scholarly chapters also provide an overview of Mexican dispersion to non-traditional localities. Rich with local detail, the contributors' chapters address the social impact of Mexican settle ment, new intergroup relations in impacted places, community formation among Mexicans, and the local economic incorporation of the Mexican immigrants. In the coming decade, as Mexican resettlement continues, their dispersion will move to the top of the research agenda in American ethnic and immigration studies. New Destinations is only the beginning of the scholarship, but this volume will mold and inform the debate and discussion that will surely follow. For these reasons, everyone seriously interested in immigration and ethnic studies should read this timely, persuasive, and readable book soon."
-Ivan Light, University of California, Los Angeles 

"New Destinations is the definitive volume that will help map out, conceptually and spatially, the new geography of Mexican immigration in the United States. The story's narrative has gone from a regional to a national one, and the research in this book reveals many lessons about the new social and economic dynamics currently unfolding in the many new points of destination. This is a must read for anyone who aspires to understand the contemporary challenges and promises of Mexican immigration, as well as the changing face of America, from the heartland to the big apple."
-Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, University of Southern California

"The hundred year history of Mexican migration to the United States has involved many twists and turns, but perhaps none quite so unexpected as the development of new migrant destinations, in virtually every part of the United States, and most notably, in communities where immigrants-whether from Mexico or elsewhere- had never been a presence before. Víctor Zúñiga and Rubén Hernández-León have pro duced a carefully-focused collection of interdisciplinary essays, one that provides the essential background for understanding this newest phase of Mexican migration."
-Roger Waldinger, University of California, Los Angeles

Mexican immigration to the United States—the oldest and largest immigration movement to this country—is in the midst of a fundamental transformation. For decades, Mexican immigration was primarily a border phenomenon, confined to Southwestern states. But legal changes in the mid-1980s paved the way for Mexican migrants to settle in parts of America that had no previous exposure to people of Mexican heritage. In New Destinations, editors Víctor Zúñiga and Rubén Hernández-León bring together an inter-disciplinary team of scholars to examine demographic, social, cultural, and political changes in areas where the incorporation of Mexican migrants has deeply changed the preexisting ethnic landscape.

New Destinations looks at several of the communities where Mexican migrants are beginning to settle, and documents how the latest arrivals are reshaping—and being reshaped by—these new areas of settlement. Contributors Jorge Durand, Douglas Massey, and Chiara Capoferro use census data to diagram the historical evolution of Mexican immigration to the United States, noting the demographic, economic, and legal factors that led recent immigrants to move to areas where few of their predecessors had settled. Looking at two towns in Southern Louisiana, contributors Katharine Donato, Melissa Stainback, and Carl Bankston III reach a surprising conclusion: that documented immigrant workers did a poorer job of integrating into the local culture than their undocumented peers. They attribute this counterintuitive finding to documentation policies, which helped intensify employer control over migrants and undercut the formation of a stable migrant community among documented workers. Brian Rich and Marta Miranda detail an ambivalent mixture of paternalism and xenophobia by local residents toward migrants in Lexington, Kentucky. The new arrivals were welcomed for their strong work ethic so long as they stayed in “invisible” spheres such as fieldwork, but were resented once they began to take part in more public activities like schools or town meetings. New Destinations also provides some hopeful examples of progress in community relations. Several chapters, including Mark Grey and Anne Woodrick’s examination of a small Iowa town, point to the importance of dialogue and mediation in establishing amicable relations between ethnic groups in newly multi-cultural settings.

New Destinations is the first scholarly assessment of Mexican migrants’ experience in the Midwest, Northeast, and deep South—the latest settlement points for America’s largest immigrant group. Enriched by perspectives from demographers, anthropologists, sociologists, folklorists, and political scientists, this volume is an essential starting point for scholarship on the new Mexican migration.

VÍCTOR ZÚÑIGA is dean of the School of Education and Humanities at the Universidad de Monterrey.

RUBÉN HERNÁNDEZ-LEÓN is assistant professor of sociology at the University of California at Los Angeles.

CONTRIBUTORS: Ana Maria Aragones, Carl L. Bankston III, Chiara Capoferro, Miguel A. Carranza, Jasney Cogua, Katharine M. Donato, Timothy J. Dunn, Jorge Durand, Lourdes Gouveia, Mark A. Grey, David C. Griffith, Douglas S. Massey, Marta Miranda, Brian L. Rich, George Shivers, Debra Lattanzi Shutika, Robert Courtney Smith, Melissa Stainback, Anne C. Woodrick.